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The War Ends

The War Ends. Key Terms. Hedgerows Battle of the Bulge V-E Day Harry S. Truman Iwo Jima Napalm. Manhattan Project V-J Day United Nations Charted Nuremberg Trials. The Third Reich Collapses. D-Day was a success Many fields had hedgerows Hedgerows-dirt walls covered with shrubs

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The War Ends

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  1. The War Ends

  2. Key Terms • Hedgerows • Battle of the Bulge • V-E Day • Harry S. Truman • Iwo Jima • Napalm • Manhattan Project • V-J Day • United Nations • Charted • Nuremberg Trials

  3. The Third Reich Collapses • D-Day was a success • Many fields had hedgerows • Hedgerows-dirt walls covered with shrubs • They were built to separate cattle and crops • Germans could hide in them

  4. Third Reich Collapses • Tanks could not drive through them • Battle of the hedgerows ended June 25, 1944 • 2500 American bombers blew a hole in the German lines • August 23 Paris was liberated

  5. Battle of the Bulge • Hitler’s last desperate offensive • Wanted to cutoff supplies from Antwerp • December 16, 1944 • American defenders caught by surprise • Battle of the Bulge-As Germans raced west they caused a bulge outward in the Allies lines

  6. Battle of the Bulge • Germans surrounded the Americans at Bastogne • Bad weather grounded American planes • General Patton’s troops arrived quickly • Weather cleared Allied airpower struck the Germans

  7. Battle of the Bulge • On Christmas Eve-out of fuel and suffering heavy loses Germans stopped • Patton broke through German Lines • United States won the Battle January 8, 1945 • Germans had 100,000 causalities and lost many tanks and planes

  8. War Ends in Europe • Americans and British Liberate France • Soviets attack Germans in Russia • Germans driven back to Poland • February 25, 1945 Soviets 25 miles from Berlin

  9. War Ends in Europe • February 1945 American troops were at the Rhine River • April 16 Soviets on the outskirts of Berlin • April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide • V-E Day- Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945

  10. Japan is Defeated • President Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945 • Harry S. Truman- was vice president, becomes president • Although Germany surrendered, there was still war with Japan • Truman had to make many difficult decisions

  11. The Battle of Iwo Jima • November 24, 1944 bombs fell on Tokyo • B-29s flew for 1,500 miles • Needed a closed air base • Iwo Jima- island located halfway between Marianas and Japan

  12. Battle of Iwo Jima • Terrain was rugged with cliffs, ravines and caves • Japanese had build vast complex of bunkers • February 19. 1945 40,000 Marines land • Sank to the ankles in the soft volcanic ash

  13. Battle of Iwo Jima • Japanese artillery pounded the invaders • Marines used flame throwers and explosives on the bunkers • 6,800 Marines were killed • Admiral Nimitz wrote “uncommon valor was a common virtue

  14. Firebombing Japan • Curtis Lemay orders B-29s to drop napalm • Napalm-jellied gasoline designed to not only explode, but also start fires • If B-29s missed their target the fires would burn it

  15. Firebombing Japan • Firebombing very controversial • Killed many civilians • Curtis Lemay-thought it would destroy Japanese war production • March 9, 1945 Tokyo was firebombed • Firestorm started and sucked out all the air • Killed 80,000 people, burned 250,00 buildings

  16. Invasion of Okinawa • Despite firebombing Japan not surrendering • Okinawa invaded to prepare for invasion of Japan • Okinawa only 350 miles from Japan • 12,000 Americans died • June 22, 1945 Okinawa captured

  17. Terms of Surrender • Emperor urged government to surrender • America demanded unconditional surrender • Japanese wanted emperor to stay in power • Americans blamed emperor for the war

  18. The Manhattan Project • 1939 Leo Sziland learned Germans had split the atom • Worried Germans were working on a atomic bomb • Albert Einstein warns Roosevelt about the powerful bomb

  19. Manhattan Project • Roosevelt gathered scientist to study this • British scientists also working on the bomb • Manhattan Project- Americas secret plan to build a atomic bomb • 1942 built the first nuclear reactor

  20. Manhattan Project • Scientist organized secret lab to build atomic bomb • Los Alamos, New Mexico • Robert Oppenheimer detonates first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945

  21. Hiroshima and Nagasaki • William Leahy chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff opposed the bomb • Killed indiscriminately • He believe in economic blockade and bombing • Secretary of War Harry Stimson wanted to warn Japanese

  22. Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Stimson would let Japanese keep their emperor • Secretary of State James Byrnes wanted to drop it without warning to shock Japan • Truman was warned of massive casualties if U.S. invaded Japan

  23. Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Allies threatened Japan with “prompt and utter destruction” • August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb • ‘Little boy” was dropped on Hiroshima and important industrial city

  24. Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Bomb destroys 63% of the city • Kills 80,00 to 120,000 people • Three days later bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Emperor orders government to surrender • V-J Day- August 15, 1945 Japan surrenders

  25. Creating the United Nations • Roosevelt believed a international political group could prevent another world war • 1944, 39 countries met to discuss the new organization • United Nations- UN a new international organization

  26. Creating the United Nations • General Assembly-every member had one vote • Security council would have 11 members • Five countries would be permanent members • United States, Soviet Union, China, Britain and France • Each member had veto power

  27. Creating the United Nations • April 25, 1945 United Nations was organized • Charter- constitution on how organization would be run • General Assembly given power to make resolutions • To choose non permanent members of the Security Council

  28. Creating United Nations • Investigate any international problem and propose settlements • Take actions to preserve peace • Ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolution

  29. Putting Enemy on Trial • Allies declared their intention to punish German and Japanese leaders • United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union formed the IMT • International Military Tribunal • Held trials in Nuremberg Germany

  30. Putting Enemy on Trial • Nuremberg trials- 22 Nazi leaders were prosecuted • 3 were acquitted • Seven given prison sentences • 12 sentenced to death • Lasted till 1949- 24 sentenced to death, 107 given prison sentences

  31. Putting Enemy on Trial • IMT held in Tokyo • 25 Japanese leaders were charged • Allies did not indict the emperor • 7 sentenced to death, 18 to prison • War crimes trial was part of trying to build a better world

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