The War Ends

1. The War Ends

2. Suspicions • European powers were initially weary about US entry into WWI. • Doubted their ability to raise troops in time to matter. • Believed the ethnic diversity would make it hard for them to commit. • Why do you think this could cause a problem?

3. Issues at Sea • Central Powers, unsure of what America’s entry into the war would mean for them began to increase U-boat warfare. • Sank alarming # of merchant ships • Allies began to lose ships and supplies. • British and American ships created a convoy to protect their ships. • Convoy- ships sailing together to protect each other.

4. A Success!!

5. War on Land • War on land was a different story • Allies were exhausted from years of fighting • After the Russians pulled out Germany was able to send more troops to the Western Front. • All-out offensive by the Central Powers

6. " Lafayette...We are here!" General John "Black Jack" Pershing, Commander AEF “He [ Pershing] was a strict disciplinarian” - Gen. George C. Marshall PM Clemenceau PM Lloyd George Supreme Commander Foch Pershing faced down enormous pressure from Allied Leaders Insisted on separate American command Difficulties because U.S. troops were “green” and inexperienced General Pershing arrives in France " General of the Armies "

7. WORLD WAR I • America was finally in – Europeans celebrated • Mobilization • 4 million men enter military service • 2 million went to France • 1.4 million saw combat • 50,000 died in combat • 50,000 died of disease

8. U.S. Entry Breaks the Stalemate • Americans in France • 1918, U.S. troops arrive in France in great numbers (General Pershing) • American troops had an independent role and also helped British and French troops • Strength & Energy of fresh U.S. troops broke the stalemate and turned the tide of the war toward the allies

9. Doughboys • American Soldiers

10. WORLD WAR I • The Home Front • $33 billion spent on war • $9 billion lent to Allies • ~ $8.5 billion raised by taxes • ~ $25 billion raised by Liberty Bonds

11. Second Battle of the Marne • Turning point of WWI • Last German offensive and first allied victory of 1918 • 250,000 Americans fought • German attack failed whenAllied counterattack led by French and American forces overwhelmed the Germans.

12. Battle of Cantigny • First American offensive of World War I • American 1st division captured the village held by the German 18th Army • French provided air cover • Succeeded taking 100 German prisoners

13. Alvin York • Greatest American hero of WWI • Conscientious Objector • Appeal Denied • On October 8, 1918 York and 16 other men misread their map (which was French not English) mistakenly ended up behind enemy lines. • York silenced over 32 German machine gun nests total and took over 132 soldiers prisoner. • Congressional Medal of Honor

14. 369th Infantry Regiment • Joined with the French army and served in several campaigns. • Received the Croix de Guerre, a French award for bravery

15. Collapse of the German Front • German front began collapsing as the German people began to protest the war. • British naval blockades meant that the German people were starving and rioting. • In October 1918 the head of the German navy resigned and the German navy mutinied. • Kaiser Wilhelm II relinquished his power November 9, 1918.

16. Germany Collapses "The Army does not have 24 hours..." General Erich Ludendorf, Quartermaster-General of the Imperial German Army November 11 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II forced to flee Chancellor Ebert declares Germany a REPUBLIC Spartacist Revolt -Communist revolution in Berlin and Bavaria Prince Max

17. German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”, 1918

18. Death Toll of War

19. Peace At Last:Armistice Signed on Nov. 11,1918

20. Brokering Peace • Wilson’s 14 Points • Promoting openness • Encourage independence • Support freedom • Freedom of the seas, free trade, and a move towards ending colonialism • League of Nations • “mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

21. Fourteen Points • Make no secret diplomatic agreements • Allow freedom of the seas in peace and war • Remove as many economic trade barriers as possible between countries • Reduce stockpiles of military armaments to lowest point needed for domestic safety • Adjust colonial claims, giving more weight to the views of the colonized peoples • Evacuate and restore Russian territories seized during the war • Restore and protect Belgium’s sovereignty

22. Fourteen Points.. Cont • Restore French territory and settle the debate over Alsace-Lorraine • Adjust Italy’s boundaries according to the nationalities of populations living there • Allow the people of the former Austro-Hungarian Empires to choose their own government • Redraw boundaries of Balkan states based on nationalities and historical allegiance • Separate the Ottoman Empire into independent countries according to the nationality; guarantee all nations access to the Dardanelles • Restore and protect Poland as a sovereign state with access to the sea • Establish an association of nations to promote collective security and to ensure peace.

23. Paris Peace Conference - 1919 • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson informs Germany that they will be treated fairly at the Paris Peace Conference if they agree to an armistice and surrender • At the conference, PM Borden fights for Canada to have its own seat in the League of Nations rather than be represented by Britain

24. Germany Betrayed – France gets revenge

25. League of Nations is Created • President Woodrow Wilson had the idea of creating an international body that would work to prevent a war such as WWI from ever breaking out again. • This was the beginning of the League of Nations – and Canada had their own seat there • Though it was an American idea, they never joined

26. Treaty of Versailles • Germany is forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, even though they received no input • Most angering was Article 231 – the War Guilt Clause – where Germany was forced to take the entire blame for the war • This meant that they would be forced to pay for all damages from the war

27. The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]   1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war 2.     Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war. Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI

28. Versailles cont. . • 3.     Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.  

29. Versailles • 4.     Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

30. Germany is left in ruins… • After the war Germany was: • politically unstable (Kaiser Wilhelm flees country); • poor (reparations payments were 4oo billion and they were expected to pay it back by 1988 • angry and betrayed • looking for a hero…

31. End of War Territorial Changes • Sykes-Picot Agreement [1916] • Agreement between Great Britain and Russia for disbursement of the Ottoman Empire after Russia’s leave from the war. • Division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine. • Britain had originally pledged to the Arabs they would have control over their own territories.

32. Palestine… Who does it belong to? • 1915 Britain had expressed a willingness to recognize the independence of the Arabs • Britain promised the establishment of a Jewish home in Palestine

33. Balfour Declaration [1917] Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild. I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations {hopes} which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. “His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate {assist} the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR British Foreign Secretary

34. League of Nations Mandates in Africa

35. New Nations &Territories After WW I

36. End of World War I > Europe in 1919 http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/map01eu.htm

37. Irreconcilables • Wilson was met with extreme opposition when he returned to the states. • Toured the country trying to gain support for the treaty but Henry Cabot Lodge (opponent) trailed him verbally attacking him along the way. • Wilson collapses from a stroke that paralyzes half his body on the tour. Henry Cabot Lodge

38. Treaty Fails • Lodge develops 14 reservations to the Treaty of Versailles. • Congress not happy with Article X which morally bound the US to aid any member of the League of Nations who is victimized. • Senate had to approve the treaty with Lodge reservations tacked on or it would fail. • Treaty Fails