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西方语言学流派漫谈 Schools of Linguistics: some random thoughts

西方语言学流派漫谈 Schools of Linguistics: some random thoughts. 北京外国语大学 中国外语教育研究中心 刘润清. 为何要讲流派问题？. 我主张，进入一个研究领域时， 第一要宏观，第二要对思想（ ideas) 感兴趣。 宏观：做研究，别一下扎到一个小领域、小题目里去，那样会见木不见林。了解宏观背景，让你不失迷方向。 对思想、哲学理念感兴趣，比只对纯技术性的东西感兴趣，更有意义。技术是手段，提高认识是追求。. 1. 区分流派与分支. 1.1 流派多指思潮 , 有代表人物 , 代表著作 ,

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西方语言学流派漫谈 Schools of Linguistics: some random thoughts

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  1. 西方语言学流派漫谈Schools of Linguistics: some random thoughts 北京外国语大学 中国外语教育研究中心 刘润清

  2. 为何要讲流派问题？ • 我主张，进入一个研究领域时， 第一要宏观，第二要对思想（ideas) 感兴趣。 • 宏观：做研究，别一下扎到一个小领域、小题目里去，那样会见木不见林。了解宏观背景，让你不失迷方向。 • 对思想、哲学理念感兴趣，比只对纯技术性的东西感兴趣，更有意义。技术是手段，提高认识是追求。

  3. 1. 区分流派与分支 1.1 流派多指思潮, 有代表人物, 代表著作, 主要观点, 研究方法, 盛行时代,有其影 响, 往往有历史视角。（它未必对领域中的诸多问题都有论述。） Schools refer to trends of thought, with their representative figures, works, unique ideas, methods and influence on later development; a diachronic perspective.

  4. 区分流派与分支 1.2 分支多指领域, 研究范围, 也有经典著作, 有影响的人物, 多用共时观点。可能多个流派都对它有过贡献。 (Branches refer to areas of study, with their classics, and influential figures; often a synchronic perspective.)

  5. 1. 区分流派与分支 1.3 历史视角和共时视角 一起 可以画出一个十字, 像一个坐标. The diachronic and synchronic perspectives will form a cross, which like a coordinate.

  6. Distinction between Schools and Branches

  7. 1. 区分流派与分支 1.2 语言学的分支: Branches: • 从内部分:语音学, 音系(位)学, 词汇学, 形态 学, 句法学, 语义学, 语用学(?) Distinction from within: phonetics, phonology, lexicology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmatics (?)

  8. 1. 区分流派与分支 • 从外部分: 心理语言学, 社会语言学, 计算语 • 言学, 神经语言学, 文化语言学, 人类语言 • 学，语料库语言学等。 Distinction from without: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, computation linguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, cultural linguistics, corpus linguistics, etc.

  9. 1. 区分流派与分支 • 大分类: 理论语言学, 应用语言学 Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.

  10. 1. 区分流派与分支 1.3 语言学流派: 传统语法 (600BC—18世纪)traditional grammar; 历史语言学(19世纪100年) historical linguistics; 现代语言学开端(索緖尔, 20世纪初) the beginning of modern linguistics;

  11. 1. 区分流派与分支 欧洲功能主义(20世纪20-50)European functionalism 伦敦学派(1940—50)The London School; 系统功能语法(1960—现在) Halliday’s Systemic-functional grammar

  12. 1. 区分流派与分支 美国结构主义语言学(1930—50) American structuralism 美国转换生成语法(1957—现) Chomsky’s Generative Grammar 认知语言学 （today） Cognitive linguistics

  13. 2. 宏观区分流派A More Macro Distinction 2.1 形式派 注重分析语言的形式, 结构, 成分和成分的分布, 对语言进行形式描写和描写的形式化, 考虑语言的心理性. The formal school: emphasize the formal, structural aspects of L, and distribution of elements; formalize the description of L; a psychological perspective.

  14. 2. 宏观区分流派A More Macro Distinction 2.2 功能派 注重分析语言的功能, 分析不同层次上的成分的语义功能, 认为功能决定形式, 考虑语言的社会性. The functional school: emphasize the functional nature of L; analyze the semantic function of elements on all levels; function determines form; a sociolinguistic perspective.

  15. 2. 宏观区分流派A More Macro Distinction 2.3 两派的区别 • 形式主义者认为语言是心理现象;功能主义者说语言是社会现象. The formal camp say language is a psychological fact; the functional camp say language is a social fact.

  16. 2. 宏观区分流派A More Macro Distinction 2. 形式主义者说语言普遍现象是人类生理遗传;功能主义者说是来自社会对语言的普遍运用. The formal camp say linguistic universals are men’s biological inheritance; the functional camp say language similarities come from the common use of language.

  17. 2. 宏观区分流派A More Macro Distinction • 3.形式主义者 说儿童习得语言是人类的内在能力;功能主义者说这是儿童交际的需要和能力的发展. The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language; the functional camp say that language learning comes from children’s needs and development.

  18. 2. 宏观区分流派A More Macro Distinction • 4.形式主义者把语言当成独立系统研究；功能主义者把语言放在社会功能中研究。 The formalists regard language as an independent system; the formalists study language in the social context by referring to its social function.

  19. 2.宏观区分流派 2.4 韩礼德: 20世纪下半叶的基本对立阵营不是结构主义与生成语法。最根本的两大阵营是：以组合关系为取向的形式派（形式语法， 源于逻辑和哲学），和以聚合关系为取向的功能派（功能语法， 源于修辞和人种学）。形式派把语言看成一系列的结构， 这些结构之间可以找出固定的关系（所以才有转换一说）；他们强调语言的普遍性，把语法（他们称之为句法）看成是语言的基础（所以语法是任意的），因此语法围绕着句子而展开。

  20. 2.宏观区分流派 • Halliday: The basic opposition is not that between ‘structural’ and ‘generative’ grammars . The more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily symtagmatic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy)

  21. 2.宏观区分流派 • and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography). The former interpret a language a list of structures, among which, regular relationships may be established

  22. 2.宏观区分流派 (hence the introduction of transformation); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence.

  23. 2.宏观区分流派 功能派把语言看成是一个关系网，其基本关系借助于结构加以实现；他们强调语言之间的不同点，把语义看做语言的基础（所以语法是自然的），因此语法是围绕着文本或语篇而展开的。两个阵营之间有许多交叉，也有互相借鉴， 但从思潮上讲二者是很不同的，两大阵营开展对话也很困难。

  24. 2.宏观区分流派 The functionalists interpret language as a network of relations, with structures coming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables among languages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural), and so to be organized around the text, or discourse.

  25. 2.宏观区分流派 There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly difficult and it is often difficulty to maintain a dialogue.

  26. 2.宏观区分流派 韩礼德还说：功能语法属于应用研究，形式语法属于纯理论研究；功能语法更近于修辞， 形式语法更近于逻辑；功能语法研究实际语言能力，形式语法研究理想的语言能力；功能语法研究文本/语篇，形式语法研究句子。功能语法把文本分析看做行为方式，语言理论是成事之手段。

  27. 2.宏观区分流派 • Halliday: In general the functional approach leans towards the applied rather than the pure, the rhetorical rather than the logical, the actual rather the ideal, the functional rather than the formal, the text rather than the sentence.

  28. 2.宏观区分流派 • The emphasis is on text analysis as a mode of action, a theory of language as a means of getting things done. • 研究流派更具理论价值: 从哲学上看, 如何看待世界就如何看待语言;从心理学上看, “白板说” 和“内容说”也区分两派;从方法论上看, 归纳法, 演绎法, 证实，证伪，还是二者结合等,也有不同。

  29. 3. 流派与分支的价值Significance of the Two It’s more theoretically significant to study schools; they involve philosophy, psychology (blank slate/content approach), and methodology (induction， deduction，verification, falsification, abduction).

  30. 3. 流派与分支的价值Significance of the Two • 研究分支更具使用价值: 语言内部分支也有理论价值, 但有更多的使用价值;外部分支既有理论价值,又有应用价值. • It’s more significant in practice to study the various branches of linguistics, not without theoretical significance.

  31. 3. 流派与分支的价值Significance of the Two • 任何学科内, 不应该只注重应用研究, 基础理论研究十分重要。基础研究费时费力，见效慢；应用研究见效快。 • In any discipline we should take seriously both basic, pure research and applied research. Both are useful and important.

  32. 5. 流派介绍 ：传统语法 4.1 传统语法: 从希腊语到拉丁语, 再从拉丁语到其他欧洲语言;注重语音和词汇, 句法很少, 以教学语法为主,多为规定性语法,不是描写性语法;影响很大,时间很长; 其贡献是创造了描写工具(其术语今天还在使用). Traditional Grammar: focus on phonetics and words; school grammar, prescriptive; influential; its terms still in use today.

  33. 5. 流派介绍：历史语言学 • 4.2 历史语言学: 语言比较,语言历史,语言谱系, 语音变化规律;其后期的新语法学派为避免20世纪培养了人才;历史语言学为避免20世纪现代语言学开端铺平道路。 • Historical Linguistics: language comparison, family trees of languages; laws of sound change; Neogrammarians; paved the way for modern linguistics in the 20th century.

  34. 5. 流派介绍：历史语言学

  35. 5. 流派介绍：历史语言学

  36. 6. 流派介绍：现代语言学开端 4.3 索绪尔: 现代语言学鼻祖;区分了语言和言语,历时语言学和共时语言学, 语言符号的任意性,所指和能指都是任意的; 语言是一个系统, 一个关系系统(在系统中的位置决定其意义); 语言是符号学中最典型的代表.其理论影响深远. Saussure: father of modern linguistics; language/speech; arbitrariness of language; synchronic/diachronic; signifier/signified; system of signs

  37. 德克海姆 E. Durkheim

  38. 佛洛依德 Sigmund Freud

  39. 6. 流派介绍：现代语言学开端 德国哲学家 Ernst Cassirer把索绪尔与伽利略相提并论: “In thewhole history of science there is perhaps no more fascinating a chapter than the rise of the new science of linguistics. In its importance it may very well be compared to the new science of Galileo, which in the 17th century, changed our whole concept of the physical world.”

  40. 7. 流派介绍：早期功能学派 4.4 欧洲功能学派: 布拉格学派,哥本哈根学派;贡献:音位学,已知信息和待传信息;主位和述位;主题和评述;影响大;功能主义鼻祖。 Functional schools in Europe: the Prague School ; the Copenhagen School: contribution to phonology; given/new information; theme/rheme; topic/comment; influential around 1920-40

  41. 8. 流派介绍 ：美国结构主义 4.5 美国结构主义: 博厄斯, 萨裴尔,布龙菲尔德, 哈利斯,豪克特等; 萨裴尔-沃尔夫假说, 又称语言相对论;哲学上的实证主义和 “百板说”; 心理学上的行为主义; American structuralism: F. Boaz, E. Sapir, Leonard Bloomfield, Z. Hariss, C. Hockett, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, empiricism in philosophy, ‘blank slate’, behaviorism in psychology.

  42. 博厄斯 Boaz

  43. 萨佩尔 Sapir

  44. L. Bloomfield • 布龙菲尔德

  45. 冯特 Wundt

  46. 华生 Watson

  47. 斯金纳 Skinner

  48. 8. 流派介绍：美国结构主义 严格的 “发现程序”,二分法,不问意义和功能,看结构分布; 重证据,不看主观印象;教学上的 “听说法”影响外语教学几十年.豪克特的确16个语言设计特征十分重要. Rigid ‘procedure of discovery’, binary cutting, ignore meaning; distribution of elements; emphasis on evidence than impression; audio-lingual method in teaching; design features of language.

  49. 9. 流派介绍：乔姆斯基:生成语法 4.5 美国的乔姆斯基:生成语法 语言上的一场革命;其语言观, 哲学上的唯理主义,心理学上认知主义; 语言与生俱来,强调大脑的初始状态;目标是揭示语言本质和人类本质; Chomsky’s Generative grammar: a revolution; rationalism in philosophy; cognitive psychology; language is innate; initial state of mind; reveal nature of L to show nature of man.

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