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Morphology

Morphology. The study of word formation. Observations. Boldest = bold + est bold cannot be divided Boy has a meaning in itself At does not have a meaning, it indicates relationship Serve can be a word, pre - as in preserve cannot Friendliest works, friendestly does not.

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Morphology

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  1. Morphology The study of word formation

  2. Observations • Boldest = bold + estbold cannot be divided • Boy has a meaning in itself • At does not have a meaning, it indicates relationship • Serve can be a word, pre- as in preserve cannot • Friendliest works, friendestly does not. • TV and telly are formed from television

  3. Conclusions 1. words are made up of meaningful units called morphemes 2. lexical morphemes have meaning And grammatical morphemes do not 3. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as free morphemes can. 4. There are inflectional and derivational morphemes 5. Languages can create new words freely and systematically.

  4. Morpheme • A minimal unit having more or less constant meaning associated with a more or less constant form. • Ex: buyers = {buy} + {er} + {s} • Evidence: buy, buying, farmer, driver, boys, dogs, cats..…… NOTE: morphemes and syllables are different. See: cats and alligator…..how many syllables? And morphemes?

  5. Practice What does it mean? • {Mc} as in McMuffin, McNuggets • {oholic} as in workoholic, chocoholic, foodoholic Action and package contain two morphemes. What is the evidence? {act} + {ion} and {pack} + {age}

  6. Same look different morpheme ….. same morpheme …. Different look …. • Buyer and shorter. {er} • {AG} and {COMP} • Boys = {boy} + {PLU} • Men = ? • Walked = {walk} + {PAST} • Went = ?

  7. Practice • HOW MANY MORPHEMES? • Actor • Winter • Forthrightness • Mother-in-law • Undo • Aspirin • Best

  8. Lexical or Grammatical? • Restating • Strongest • Actively • Precede • Disentangled • Ran • Women • The • Lexical morphemes have a meaning. • Grammatical morphemes express a relationship between Lexical morphemes.

  9. Free or Bound morphemes? • {er} in teachers • {cur} in recur, incur, occur • {at}, {to} and other prepositions • {pel} as in repel, compel, impel • Find five words with the bound lexical m. {mit} as in ‘send, go’. What about mitten….? • {bio-} and {tele-}: lexical/grammatical. Bound/free. Find five words. What is the meaning of each morpheme. • Free morphemes can stand alone as words. They may be lexical or grammatical: [serve], [press], [at], [and]. • Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words. See [clude] as in exclude, include, preclude. They can be grammatical as in [PLU] as in boys, girls, cats.

  10. Inflectional and derivational • Bound morpheme = affix= prefix/suffix • Ex. Depress= {de} + {press} helpful= {help} + {ful} men = {man} + {PLU}

  11. 8 English Inflectional morphemes

  12. Derivational suffixes • {ize} noun to verb as in: criticize, rubberize, vulcanize, pasteurize, mesmerize… • Or adjective to verb as in: normalize, finalize, equalize… • {ful} adjective to adverb as in : helpful, careful, careful….. • {ly} adjective to adverb as in: quickly, carefully, swiftly, mightily….o nouns to adjective: manly… Morpheme lexical grammatical free bound free bound nouns prepositions Verbs articles Adjectives conjunctions Inflectional Derivational Compress Subvert at, the, and Depress invert Oppress convert Repress suppress

  13. Derivational prefixes • {un} as in unhappy, unwary, unassuming, unforgettable. • {dis} displeasure, disproportionate, dislike, distrust • {a} asymmetrical, asexual, atheist, atypical • {anti} anti-American, anti-Castro, anti-aircraft… • All inflectional affixes are native to English. • Many derivational affixes are borrowings from other languages. Ex: {ize}, {dis}, {de}, {re}, {a}. {anti}

  14. Spanish morphemes…. • Tío • Muchacha • Abuela • Nieto • Hermana • Hermanos • Abuelo • Nieta • Tías • Muchacho • Abrir • Tu abres • Nosotros abrimos • la • Las • Estan Contando • Ellos han contado

  15. Italian morphemes • maestra, maestro, amica, amico • matita, matite, pizza, pizze • cantare, suonare, ballare • io canto, iosuono, ioballo • ho cantato, ho suonato, ho ballato • stocantando, stosuonando, stoballando. • grandissima, bellissima, piccolissima • Cinzietta, Annetta, Marietta • zietta, casetta, cenetta • List the morphemes and decide what is their type and their function.

  16. Kurdish morphemes • Aaqil ‘wise’ • Diz ‘robber’ • Draiž ‘long’ • Zaanaa ‘wise’ • Garm ‘warm’ What is the type, the form, and the function of the affix…..? • Aaqilii ‘forethought’ • Dizii ‘robbery’ • Draižii ‘length’ • Zaanaaii ‘erudition’ • Garmii ‘warmth’

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