Renaissance

1. Renaissance By: Daniel, Ashley, and Cora

2. What Was New? The renaissance began with the Turks invasion and fall of Constantinople. The renaissance is know as the “prototype of the modern world”. It was a period where people began think more rationally about reality and life. The major contrasts between the renaissance and the medieval period were, the church no longer ruled the countries, but the kings and in some cases the citizens did. The economy was no longer agriculturally based. The urban economy was now based on organized commerce and capitalism. The renaissance started in Italy because of the geographic location, being right on the sea and having many ports. Also the city states in Italy competed with one another to be the largest economic power.

3. Italian Politics Italy during this time, was organized into city-states. Each city-state was ruled individually. Thy were always in competition for one another, either by warfare or by art and trade in times of peace. This forced each city-state to constantly grow, and gain more business. Throughout Italy, and especially in Florence, social classes were divided into four groups: the old rich who have been rich for a while, the new rich were bankers and popular merchants, the common shop keepers or skilled workers (who supported the new rich), and the poorer lower class. There were more lower class citizens than others and in 1378 a revolt from them made the lower class control Italy for about four years.

4. Humanism There are two views on humanism: 1. The Italian renaissance as the birth of modernity, characterized by an un-Christian philosophy that stressed the dignity of humankind and championed individualism and secular values. 2.  The champions of authentic Catholic Christianity, who opposed the pagan teaching of Aristotle and the ineloquent Scholasticism that his writings natured. Key Terms: · Individualism: A theory maintaining the political and economic independence of an individual and stressing individual indicative actions and interests. · Secularism: Indifference to rejection or exclusion of religion and religious considerations.

5. Humanists • Petrarch: Nicknamed “The Father of Humanism”. He was an Italian scholar, poet, and humanist. Among his works were the “Secretum”, “Litinerarium”, and his “EpistolaeFamiliares”. • Dante: Wrote the Vita Nuevo and Divine Comedy, With Petrarch's sonnets. He was incredibly famous for his work, and is still studied today. • GiovanniBoccaccio: Petrarch's students and friend, he was also a pioneer of humanist students. His Decameron was a simple look at human behavior. He also assembled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology. • Plato: Created “Platonism”, a Greek learning style that was very popular in his day. This, in addition to the revival of Eastern and Western church's, opened the door for many Greek scholars and manuscripts to enter the West. • FlorentinePlatonicAcademy: After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, Greek scholars fled to Florence for refuge. This was the background against which the Florentine Platonic evolved under the patronage of Cosmiode’Midici and the supervision of MarilloFicine.

6. Italy’s Political Decline The balance of power that existed before the decline were autonomous city-states that relied on internal cooperation for its peace and safety from foreign invasion. The treaty of Lodi which ensured Internal security and balance of power as well protection for one another to outside forces. After an internal struggle Ludovico of Milan decided to appeal to the French and ask for help and in return, France reclaimed their dynastic claim. To try and stop the French appetite for land, Piero de Medici gave Pisa and other Florentine possessions. This eventually led to his exile.

7. Donatello Sculpture of David

8. Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper Mona Lisa

9. Michelangelo Sculpture of David Sistine Chapel

10. Raphael Madonna of the Meadow Portrait of BalthasarCastiglione

11. Ghiberti/Brunelleschi: Gates of Paradise -Ghiberti Brunelleschi's Dome

12. The Northern Renaissance Who was Johan Gutenberg, what technology did he introduce to Europe, and why was it decisive in Europe’s development? *Johan Gutenberg was a German goldsmith, blacksmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. *Johan Gutenberg (d. 1468) invented printing with moveable type in the mid-fifteenth century in the German city of Mainz, the center of printing for the whole of Western Europe. *Thereafter, books were rapidly and handsomely produced on topics both profound and practical and were intended for ordinary lay readers, scholars, and clerics alike. Especially popular in the early decades of print were books of piety and religion, calendars and almanacs, and “how to” books (for example, on child rearing, making brandies and liquors, curing animals, and farming successfully). *By 1500, printing presses operated in at least sixty German cities and in more than 200 cities throughout Europe. The printing press was a boon to the careers of humanists, who now gained international audiences. *Print was a popular tool for political and religious propaganda. Print revolution made anyone who could read instant authority. Kings could now indoctrinate people as never before, and clergymen found themselves able to mass-produce both indulgences and pamphlets.

13. The Northern Renaissance Continued… How does Erasmus represent a different kind of Humanism than that in Italy? *Desiderius Erasmus (1466?- 1536), the most famous of the northern humanists and the “prince of humanists.” Gained fame both as an educational and religious reformer. *He aspired to unite the classical ideals of humanity and civic virtue with the Christian ideals of love and piety. * The best known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus. He had numerous works, including a Latin translation of the New Testament as well as a Greek edition. Erasmus favored flexibility and tolerance and condemned overly rigid belief systems. He had an unequaled reputation as a biblical scholar and his view influenced large numbers of people (both Catholic and Protestant). Although receptive to change, the biblical humanists generally believed in the unity of the church and wanted to preserve reformed Catholic traditions. When Martin Luther condemned some of the basic teaching of the Catholic Church, Erasmus, along with some other Christian humanists, refused to accept Martin Luther’s arguments.Without united support for either side, the Christian humanisms contributions to the Reformation were of a more indirect nature. The Reformation inspired skepticism and encouraged questioning of past beliefs and religious traditions, but Christian humanists simply could not embrace Martin Luther’s assertions that, with absolute certainty, major doctrines of the Catholic Church could be proved wrong.

14. The Northern Renaissance Continued… How did Humanism stir both educational and religious reform in Germany, England, France, and Spain? *France: Guillaume Briconnet (1470-1533) the bishop of Meaux, and Marguerite d’ Angouleme (1492-1549), sister of kind Francis I, the future queen of Navarre, and a successful spiritual writer in her own right, cultivated a generation of young reform-minded humanists, (Ex: John Calvin). The French invasion of Italy made it possible for Italian learning to penetrate France, stirring both educational and religious reform. *Spain: Whereas in England, Germany, and France, humanism prepared the way for protestant reforms, in Spain it entered the service of the catholic church. Key figure= Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros. Great achievement= compultensianpolygot bible. 6 vol. work that placed Hebrew geek and Latin versions of the bible in parallel columns. *England: Italian learning came by way of English scholars and merchants visiting Italian prelates. Humanism in England, as also in Germany, played an important role in preparing the way for the English reformation. *Germany: Rudolf Agricola (1443- 1485) the “father of German humanism. Spent 10 years in Italy and introduced Italian learning to Germany when he returned. Von Hutten, a poet, illustrates the union of humanism, German nationalism, and luthers religious reform. Martin Luther under attack in 1517 for his famous 95 theses against indulgences, many German humanists saw a repetition of the scholastic attack at Reuchlin and rushed to his side.

15. The Northern Renaissance Continued… • Northern Humanism was initially stimulated by the importation of Italian learning through such varied intermediaries as students who had studied in Italy, merchants who traded there, and the brothers of the common life. • Brothers of the common life: Influential lay religious movement that began in the Netherlands and permitted men and women to live a shared religious life without making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. • Northern Humanists: Tended to come from more diverse backgrounds. Were more voted to religious reforms than their Italian Counterparts. More willing to write for lay audiences as well as for a narrow intelligentsia.

16. Northern Humanists • Johann Guttenberg: Invented the printing press with moveable type in the mid fifteenth century in the German city of Mainz. Because of him, books were rapidly produced. The new technology proved to be enormously profitable to prints. • Erasmus: Was nickname the “Prince of Humanities”. He aspired to unite the classical ideals of humanity and civic victor with the Christian ideas of love and piety. He edited and revises the words of the Catholic version of the New Testament. • Thomas Moor: Wrote “utopia. Was a close friend of Erasmus and, like him, believe in society reform based on God and not that of a Kind. His refusal to acknowledge the Kinds marriage to Ann Boleyn lead to his execution on July 1535

17. Albrecht Dürer Self-Portrait Young Hare

18. Rogier van der Weyden The Descent of the Cross The Braque Triptych

19. Jan van Eyck Annunciation Portrait of a Man in a Turban