Renaissance

1. Renaissance 1485-1660 Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I

2. The Renaissance: 1485–1660 Choose a link on the time line to go to a milestone. 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1534 Henry VIII Breaks with Church 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1558–1603 Reign of Elizabeth I 1600s Decline of the Renaissance 1500sHumanism

3. Humanism Humanism—intellectual movement that greatly influenced Renaissance thinkers, writers, artists and placed more importance on the human than the spiritual. • revived old Greek and Latin classics • studied the Bible and the classics to explore questions such as “What is a good life?” • made history, literature, and philosophy popular again

4. Humanism Two Friends—Two Humanists Sir Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus • English lawyer • Dutch monk • wrote Utopia • traveled throughout Europe • held important offices • taught Greek • beheaded by order of Henry VIII Both men wrote in Latin; loved life, laughter, and classical learning; were dedicated to the church.

5. Printing Press Printing Press Plays Part in Spreading Humanist Ideas Around 1439 . . . • printing press invented by GermanJohannes Gutenberg In 1473. . . • press set up in England by William Caxton • Printed Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales in 1476 By 1500 . . . • books widely available throughout western Europe

6. Henry VIII Breaks with the Church Henry VIII (reigned1509—1547) • “Renaissance man”—poet, musician, athlete • supported humanism • had six wives • created Royal Navy (ended foreign invasions, increased England’s power) • coarse and arrogant in his old age

7. Henry VIII Breaks with the Church The Reformation in Europe In various countries . . . • reformers reject authority of pope and Italian churchmen In Germany . . . • Martin Luther founds new kind of Christianity, based on personal understanding of Bible In England . . . • strong national identity makes English people resent financial burdens imposed by Vatican

8. Henry VIII Breaks with the Church 1533 • Pope refuses Henry VIII’s request for annulment • Henry appoints new archbishop of Canterbury, who grants annulment 1534 • Henry declares himself head of the Church of England

9. Henry VIII Breaks with the Church Protestant Reformation After 1534 • Henry closes monasteries • Protestantism begins in England Some people want to • get rid of “popish” things (bishops, prayer book, priests’ vestments) • make religion solely a matter between the individual and God

10. The Reign of Elizabeth I Heirs of Henry Edward VI (r. 1547–1553) Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) • the “boy king” • rules in name only • the “virgin queen” • a brilliant, successful monarch Mary Tudor (r. 1553–1558) • “Bloody Mary” • Avenging her mother • restores pope’s power • hunts down and executes Protestants • Over 300 killed including Cranmer

11. The Reign of Elizabeth I Elizabeth I—literary connoisseur; beloved symbol of peace, security, prosperity • restores law and order • reestablishes Church of England; rejects pope’s authority • never marries • survives numerous assassination plots

12. The Reign of Elizabeth I Mary, Queen of Scots • Elizabeth’s cousin, heir to English throne • Catholic, deposed from throne in Scotland • initiates several plots to kill Elizabeth In 1587 . . . after enduring Mary and her plots for twenty years, Elizabeth sends her to the chopping block

13. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 • Vast fleet of warships from Spain (Spanish Armada) sent to invade England • England’s smaller ships defeat the Armada • Elizabeth’s finest moment • Assures England’s independence from Catholic countries of the Mediterranean

14. Decline of the Renaissance James I (r. 1603–1625) 1649–1660 • benevolent but uninspiring ruler • patron of the arts • spendthrift • England ruled by Parliament and by the Puritan dictator Oliver Cromwell Charles I (r. 1625–1649) During this time . . . • remote, autocratic, self-destructive • beheaded by powerful subjects • Renaissance values gradually erode • Renaissance energies gradually give out

15. The Monarchy • The Tudors • Henry Tudor 1485-1509 • Henry the VIII 1509-1547 • Edward VI 1547-1553 • Bloody Mary I 1553-1558 • Elizabeth I 1558-1603 - The Virgin Queen • The Stuarts • James I 1603-1625 • Charles I 1625-1649 • Charles II 1660-1685 • The Parliament • Oliver Cromwell 1649-1658 • Richard Cromwell 1658-1659

16. COMEDY • COMEDY - in its Elizabethan usage had a very different meaning from modern comedy. • A Shakespearean comedy is about fictional characters and imaginary settings • Has a happy ending, usually involving marriage for all the unmarried characters • A tone and style that is light and humorous • Shakespearean comedies also tend to have • * A struggle of young lovers to overcome difficulty that is often • presented by elders • * Separation and unification • * Mistaken identities • * A clever servant • * Heightened tensions, often within a family • * Multiple, intertwining plots • * Frequent use of puns

17. Drama - the Greeks • Playwrights competed • Festival of Dionysis • Polis over individual • Didactic • Tragedy • Cathartic, the brain responds • Compare to modern film • Paranormal • Halloween • Marley and Me

18. TRAGEDY • Aristotle once said that "A man doesn't become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall." An Aristotelian tragic hero must possess specific characteristics, five of which are below: • Nobility (of a noble birth) • Tragic Flaw or Hamartia (translated as a character flaw that leads to an error in judgment). A flaw in the character's personality that leads to a downfall. • Peripeteia - A reversal of fortune brought about because of the hero's Hamartia. • Anagnorisis - The discovery or recognition that the reversal was brought about by the hero's own actions. • Catharsis - the emotional purging the audience experiences at the resolution - a release of strong emotions

19. TRAGIC HERO • Man’s destiny is not entirely God-given - there is free will and choice • Identifying with the hero is necessary to illicit pity to direct audience to cathartic function • It is important to strike a balance in the hero's character. • The death of the hero is the significant moment - the hero acts as a sacrifice • The hero must courageously accept his or her death with honor. • The audience is attached to the hero and will therefore: • Feel a sense of pathos - the needless waste of a valuable life • See the potential of the glory of a man or his intrinsic worth

20. The Downfall • According to Aristotle, the downfall is not pure loss • There is an increase in awareness • The hero gains self-knowledge and self-discovery • The recognition is called ANAGNORISIS • The discovery has a purpose

21. CatharsisRenewal Follows Catastrophe • Greek drama as function: • art • contribute to the community • Aristotle says that tragedy is used to awaken unhealthy emotions of pity and fear in the audience • Watching the hero’s terrible fate should cleanse these emotions • Audience does not leave depressed, but purged of the unhealthy emotions.

22. DRAMA Tragedy-A form of ART • The story of one hero or a hero and heroine • It is a tale of suffering and disaster that leads to death • The pain is exceptional and contrasted with previous happiness

23. Tragic Flaw - Hamartia • Fundamental error in character that leads to a fall in stature • A trait that causes a character’s death • Hamartia - mistake,flaw, failure, fault or sin • DO NOT CONFUSE THE FLAW WITH THE Manifestation of the flaw

24. What is a Tragic Hero? • The fall… • The hero has a flaw which leads him to commit “an act of injustice” HAMARTIA • The act is the hero’s responsibility - thus he is the cause of his own downfall • The act is often criminal, but the hero may think it is for the greater good

25. Reversal of Fortune - Peripetia • The hero makes a critical error in judgement that leads to his downfall from his grand stature • A great misfortune results • However, the punishment does not fit the crime • The misfortune is not wholly deserved • The audience does not feel the hero gets what he deserves, we have compassion

26. Shakespeare’s Theatre The Globe Influences on the Plays

27. Shakespeare and Drama • Layers of meaning • Construction of meaning in Shakespeare • Themes • Character, monarchs, government, relationship, psychology, social order

29. Elements of the Globe • 3 Stories High • 100 Feet wide • Open air amphitheatre • Hold 3000 • 1000 standing in yard • Stage is 43wide by 28 deep

30. The GLOBE THEATRE • Penny/schilling to stand • GROUNDLINGS • Stage had 2 trap doors - cellarage • Ceiling was the heavens • Balcony • Little scenery • Dialog set the stage and introduced place

31. The GLOBE THEATRE • No Curtains • No scenery changes • Elaborate and colorful costumes • Only men were actors • Boys with unchanged voices played women • Used many sound effects • Sword play

32. Shakespeare’s ActorsPlays were written to suit particular actors • Richard Burbage • Shakespeare played more minor roles COMICS and CLOWNS Like Will Ferrell or Seth Rogen William Kempe Robert Armin

33. Macbeth • Macbeth is among the best-known of Shakespeare’s plays • Written some time between 1603 and 1606 • Frequently performed and considered archetypal • Play displays the dangers of a lust for power and the betrayal of friends • Plot based on real Scottish King, Macbeth who ruled at the end of the Anglo-Saxon times • Superstitions surround the play • Believe it is cursed and actors often refer to it as “The Scottish Play” or Mac Bee. • Supposedly WS used real spells angering witches who cursed the play and all who performed itThe Tragedy of Macbeth, Act I Introducing the Play

34. The Tragedy of Macbeth, Act I Introducing the Play Characters Duncan, Malcolm Donalbain Macbeth Banquo Macduff Lennox Ross Menteith Angus Caithness King of Scotland Fleance, son of Banquo Siward, earl of Northumberland, general of the English forces Young Siward, his son Seyton, an officer attending Macbeth Son to Macduff An English Doctor A Scottish Doctor A Porter } his sons noblemen of Scotland

35. Shakespeare in Love • Observe opening of movie • Allusions to various plays • References to William Kempe • References to various elements of Shakespearean drama and Renaissance England

36. HAMLET, Prince of Denmark • Elsinore • Families/characters King Hamlet Prince Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Polonius Laertes Ophelia King Fortinbras Prince Fortinbras Old Norway