American Reform 1820-1860 Chapter 18 vocab/people

1. Second Great Awakening Transcendentalism Public Schools Abolitionists Declaration of Sentiments Grievance: a complaint against an unfair condition Harriet Tubman Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth Seneca Falls Convention William Lloyd Garrison Laura Bridgman: the first deaf and blind student to receive a formal education. Grimke Sisters Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton American Reform 1820-1860Chapter 18 vocab/people

2. Introduction • Between 1820 and 1860, a wide variety of reform improvements sprang up to improve conditions in the US • In the 1830’s and the 1840’s reformers became more active in calling for an end to slavery • The abolitionist movement helped spark a new reform movement that sought equality for women.

3. 18.2Religious Ideals inspire reform • The Second Great Awakening: religious movement that swept America in the early 1800’s • Leader: Charles Grandison Finney • Believed in free will rather than predestination( already decided by God). Taught individuals that they could choose to save their souls by their own actions.

4. Focus: Monday April 11, 2011 • Leaders like Finney held revivals- huge outdoor meetings. • Finney-“Save yourself and you can save the world.” • How do you think leaders like Charles G. Finney helped to start the reform movements of the 19th century?

5. 18.3Hospital and Prison Reform • Dorothea Dix- social reformer and activist for prisoners and the mentally ill. 1841 she visited her first prison • Improved conditions in prison systems • Cruel punishments were banned, people convicted of minor crimes received shorter sentences. • Debtors ( people who could not pay $ they owed) were no longer treated as criminals

6. The Temperance Movement( women’s rights) • Campaign against alcohol abuse began in late 1820’s. • Women took leading roles because drinking could lead to wife beating, child abuse and the break up of families.

7. Improving Education • Horace Mann- Massachusetts reformer of public education. Became head of Mass. Board of education in 1837. • In 1800 few children attended school. Teachers were poorly trained. Students of all ages crowded together in one room. • NY took the lead in improving education. In 1814, the state passed a law requiring local governments to set up tax- supported schools

8. Education Reform Cont. • Horace Mann- Under his leadership Mass. Built new schools, raised teacher’s pay, and opened 3 colleges to train teachers.

9. Education for African Americans • AA had little chance to attend school. • A few cities like NYC and Boston , set up separate schools for black students. • However, they received less money then white schools. • Despite obstacles, some AA men went on to attend private colleges such as, Harvard Dartmouth, and Oberlin. 1854 1st college for AA in Penn.

10. Educating people with disabilities • 1817 Thomas Gallaudet set up a school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut . • Samuel Gridley Howe founded the first American school for the blind in 1832. • One of Howe’s students: *Laura Bridgman, was the first deaf and blind student to receive a formal education.

11. Focus: Wednesday April 14th Women of the 19th century led very restrictive lives. Answer true false to the following statements below about women's rights in the 1800’s. • She is paid the same as a man for doing the same job. • The money she earns belongs to her husband. • She cannot vote, so she has no way to change laws. • Her husband can legally whip her. • She keeps her own property when she gets married. • She is scorned and shunned by society if she gets a divorce. • If she leaves her husband she usually gets custody of her children. • The Constitution guarantees her equal rights with men. • She cannot serve on a jury, and often she cannot testify in court.

12. Opposing Slavery • American Colonization Society: group that proposed to end slavery by setting up an independent colony in Africa for freed slaves. • David Walker: Abolitionist who encouraged enslaved African Americans to free themselves by what ever means necessary.

13. Frederick Douglass: Well known AA abolitionist who lectured and published an anti-slavery newspaper called “ The North Star.” • William Lloyd Garrison: outspoken white abolitionist believed slavery should end immediately. • The Liberator: Garrison’s antislavery newspaper

14. Grimke sisters: Abolitionists who gave public lectures even though many people objected to women speaking out in public. • Underground railroad: Network of abolitionists who secretly helped slaves escape to freedom in the North and Canada. • Harriet Tubman: UR “conductor” who led more than 300 slaves to freedom

15. Activity • Write a speech to be delivered by Frederick Douglass,William Lloyd Garrison, or the Grimke sisters explaining their beliefs about the need for the abolition of slavery. • Prepare to share your speech if time allows

16. A Call for Women’s Rights • Sojourner Truth: Former slave who was one of the most effective speakers for women’s rights • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott: Abolitionists who became an influential advocate for women’s rights. • Seneca Falls Convention: Meeting in NY which drew attention to the problems women faced

17. Emma Willard: Educator who opened a high school for girls to study math and physics • Elizabeth Blackwell: 1st women in the US to earn a medical degree; helped found the nation’s 1st medical school for women. • Prudence Crandall: Began school for AA girls. Continued to teach despite rocks being thrown through windows

18. Focus Questions: • What rights did women lack in the early 1800’s? • Why did Mott and Stanton organize a women’s rights convention? • How did reformers change education for women? • What do you think the term “redress” means? What about “grievances”?

19. Answers • Q:What rights did women lack in the early 1800’s? * Vote *Hold office *Property and wages earned belonged to husband *No legal protection from beatings or abuse from husbands

20. Answers • Q:Why did Mott and Stanton organize a women’s rights convention? *To draw attention to the difficulties women faced and to educate men about these issues.

21. Answers • Q:How did reformers change education for women? *Opened high schools for women *Started 1st women’s college in the US • Q: What do you think the term “redress” means? What about “grievances”? *Redress-correction of an unfair condition *Grievance- a complaint against an unfair condition

22. Page 599 in the New Nation text: Read Life and Times of Frederick Douglas and answer questions • Page 600 read the Declaration of Sentiments and answer questions