Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism

Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism By Milda Vielaviciute Lauryn Childress Anja Bjelakovic Andy Oliver Andryw Gooding

Reaction and Revolution:The Growth of Nationalism • After Napoleon’s reign ended, Great European powers moved to restore much of the old order • Met at the Congress of Vienna • One proposition was to intervene in rebellions • Britain did not agree

Forces for Change • Liberalism – belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible • Adopted by middle-class, especially bourgeoisie • Nationalism – belief that primary political loyalty of people should be to their countries • Threat to existing political order • In 1848, these forces erupted

Revolutions of 1848 • France • King Louis Philippe refused to make changes and was overthrown • Radical Republicans took over and wrote a new constitution • Established a republic • In the elections held for president, Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (the nephew of Napoleon) won

Revolution in Central Europe • Germanic Confederation • 38 loosely connected states • German and Prussian rulers promised a constitution, free press, jury trials and other liberal reforms, but they never came • Germany’s revolution failed • Austrian Empire • Mix of many states who wanted their own governments • Czech revolt was crushed, meaning the failure of the Austrian Empire revolution

Revolts in the Italian States • Italy was under the control of Austria • Young Italy, the Italian unity movement, initially succeeded • Within a year, Austria reestablished control • Revolts had failed

Nationalistic Revolts in Latin America • While Spain and Portugal were weak after Napoleon, the Latin American states arose • Miguel Hidalgo • Revolutionary hero • Gathered a large group of Indians and revolted against the Spanish • Forces were crushed • Other Indians overthrew the Spanish and Augustin de Iturbide was named the first emperor of Mexico. • In South America, Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led successful revolutions against the Spanish

The Difficulties of Nation Building • The new nations had no experience in self governing • Tried to become republics • Soon they became ruled by militaristic force • Since Latin America was a major source of raw goods, it soon became controlled by foreign powers • Military aristocracy took over much of the power • Caudillas

Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question • The southern states under Ottoman control sought change, especially at the Empire began to decline • Serbia freed itself • Greece also broke away from the Turks • A year later, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire • British and French fleets also helped • Treaty of Adrianople • Gave Russia protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia • Allowed Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece • In 1830, Greece became an independent kingdom

The Crimean War • Russians and Turks fought because of Russian demands for the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine • Turks, and later France and Britain, declared war on Russia • During the war, Russia was defeated • Results • Russia was ashamed of the defeat and withdrew from the world for 20 years • Austria had no allies • Helped Italy and Germany in becoming independent states.

Conclusion • Liberalism and nationalism transformed the world • Revolts in Western Europe initially failed but succeeded later • Revolts in Eastern Europe succeeded, but resulted in withdrawal of Britain and Russia from world affairs

Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism