Biodiesel as a Vehicle Fuel

1. Biodiesel as a Vehicle Fuel Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

2. Drivers Need • Introduction to biodiesel • Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel • Properties and characteristics of biodiesel • Biodiesel fueling station safety practices • Fire extinguishing equipment • Emergency procedures • Safe vehicle fueling procedures Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

3. Module 1 Introduction to Biodiesel Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

4. Module 1Learning Objectives • What is biodiesel? • Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel? • Biodiesel performance characteristics Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

5. What is Biodiesel? • General Definition Biodiesel (B100) is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils, such as soybean oil, that meets the specifications of American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) D 6751. • Additional Information Biodiesel (B100) can be blended in concentrations of up to 20% with petroleum-based diesel fuel and used in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel (B100) is not raw vegetable oil. Courtesy National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

6. Little Known Fact Rudolph Diesel designed the diesel engine in 1894 torun on peanut oil “The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time.” –1912 Courtesy National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

7. Why Biodiesel? Reduced Emissions Courtesy National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

8. Why Biodiesel? - 2 • Biodiesel is non-toxic • Biodiesel does not contaminate ground water or soil • Most commonly used as B20 • 20% biodiesel & 80% diesel blend • Can be used in lower percentage blends (e.g., B5, B10) Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

9. Why Biodiesel? - 3 Biodiesel (B100) is an EPAct Designated Alternative Fuel • 450 gallons B100 = 1 vehicle credit • Must be used in blends of at least 20% biodiesel to get credit • Can be used to meet up to 50% of a fleet’s EPAct requirement • Can not be banked or traded Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

10. Biodiesel Economics - 1 • Fleet fuel costs typically “a penny a point” or more over diesel • New fueling station costs same as diesel • Retrofit existing diesel station at minimal cost Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

11. Biodiesel Economics – 2 • No vehicle price premium – standard diesel vehicles • Little or no vehicle modification necessary • Many vehicles produced since 1994 are B20 compatible • Most manufacturers endorse B5 blends, higher blends “use at own risk” Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

12. Biodiesel Performance • Startup, range, cold weather performance similar to petroleum diesel • Fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, haulage rates similar to petroleum diesel Courtesy National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

13. Biodiesel Performance - 2 • High Lubricity • 2% biodiesel improves fuel lubricity by up to 66% • Protects, extends engine • High Flash Point • 260ºF vs. 125ºF diesel • Safest fuel to use, handle, and store Courtesy National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

14. Biodiesel Performance - 3 • Operates in conventional diesel engines and fuel injection equipment • Cold Flow • For B2-B20 use same precautions as #2 petroleum diesel • No special storage required Courtesy National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

15. Module 2 Properties and Characteristics of Biodiesel Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

16. Module 2Learning Objectives • Understand biodiesel and how it compares to other fuels • Become familiar with biodiesel characteristics Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

17. Biodiesel Production - 1 • Refined from • New vegetable oils • U.S. – Soybeans • Europe – Rapeseed (Canola) oil • Yellow grease • Recycled cooking oil Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

18. BiodieselProduction - 2 • Chemical process called “transesterification” • Result: Methyl esters and glycerin Courtesy National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

19. Fuel Quality • Standard for B100 is as a mixing fuel • ASTM D6751 • Standard for B20 under development Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

20. Appearance & Smell • Transparent, usually yellow color • Smell • Fuel is odorless • After burning, pleasing aroma, often smells like French fries Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

21. Compared to Other Fuels Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

22. Fuel Value • Cetane • Typical B20: 50 • #2 diesel: 40-45 • #1 diesel: 48-52 Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

23. Flammability • Flash point • B100 (soybean): 425° F • B20: 245° F • Typical #2 diesel: 160° F Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

24. Flammability - 2 • B20 flammability limits (by vol in air) • Lower flammability limit – 0.6% • Upper Flammability limit – 7.5% • Diesel flammability limits • Lower Flammability Limit - 0.3% • Upper Flammability Limit - 10% Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

25. Module 3 Biodiesel Fueling Stations Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

26. Module 3Learning Objectives • Understand similarity to normal diesel fueling • Become familiar with fueling components Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

27. Fueling Station Components • Biodiesel fueling equipment is similar to conventional diesel fueling equipment source: Deer Valley School District Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

28. Fueling Station Components - 2 • Biodiesel storage Courtesy of the National Biodiesel Board Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

29. Fueling Station Components - 3 • Dispenser(s) Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

30. Module 4 Emergency Action Plan And Safety Practices Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

31. Module 4Learning Objectives • Know purpose and content of Emergency Action Plan • Become knowledgeable about safety practices • Understand emergency actions Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

32. Purpose of Emergency Action Plan • Identification of emergencies • Action items • Notification procedures • Evacuation procedures • Safety systems • Emergency event action items Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

33. Facility Layout Plan • May exist for private stations • Designates important information such as: • Biodiesel storage tank location • Emergency shutdown device (ESD) • Fire extinguisher location • Pre-planned evacuation route • Designated assembly area • Street address of facility Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

34. Safety Practices • Same as diesel fuel • Emergency telephone numbers • Fire department • Emergency medical help • Police • Maintenance • Adjoining facilities • Safety Signs Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

35. Safety Practices – 2 • Equipment condition and inspection • Before using, inspect • Dispenser hoses • Fueling nozzle and vehicle fuel receptacle • Do not use defective equipment • Report defective equipment to station maintenance technician or attendent Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

36. Safety Practices – 3 • Turn off the vehicle during fueling • Turn off/do not use cell phone in fueling station • Do not re-enter vehicle during fueling • Keep ignition sources away from biodiesel • Do not light matches or smoke cigarettes Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

37. Fire Involving Biodiesel • Do not attempt to remove nozzle from vehicle • Evacuate immediate area of fire • Trigger ESD button • Contact fire department Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

38. Combustible Debris Fire • Press ESD button • Extinguish only if trained and it is safe to do so • Near fueling equipment, extinguishing a fire should be attempted only by qualified fire fighters Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

39. Module 5 Correct Use of Safety Equipment Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

40. Module 5Learning Objectives • Understand purpose and function of fueling station safety equipment • Fire extinguisher • Emergency shutdown device Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

41. Correct Use ofSafety Equipment • Fire Extinguisher • Media • Dry chemical • Foam • Carbon dioxide • Water fog may be used to cool exposed containers and equipment Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

42. Correct Use ofSafety Equipment - 3 • Emergency shutdown system • Same system as a diesel fueling facility • Emergency shutdown device location Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

43. Module 5 Biodiesel Fueling Procedures Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

44. Biodiesel Fueling • Receptacle • Remove receptacle cap • Dispenser • Authorize fuel sale • Remove nozzle • Nozzle • Insert nozzle into fuel tank • Initiate fueling Developed for DOE by AFV Institute

45. Biodiesel Fueling - 2 • Nozzle • End fueling • Dispenser • Replace nozzle on dispenser • Receptacle • Replace receptacle cap Developed for DOE by AFV Institute