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Use of biodiesel as a Traction fuel for Indian Railways A Case Study

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Use of biodiesel as a Traction fuel for Indian Railways A Case Study

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    1. Use of biodiesel as a Traction fuel for Indian Railways A Case Study

    2. Introduction Approx. two billion litres of diesel fuel is consumed annually by nearly 4,000 freight and passenger locomotives in the Indian Railway fleet. The annual expenditure of Indian Railways on diesel fuel is approx. US $1.3 Billion.

    3. Diesel Loco fleet of IR Indian Railways operate around 4000 Diesel Locomotives.

    4. Policy Map

    5. Financial and fiscal incentives Tax and duties structure Subsidies Knowledge banks Financial assistance Micro-credit National Bio-fuels Development Board Core groups on Technology development

    6. Plantation methods Generative Propagation Vegetative Propagation High yield plants of Genus Jatropha 160 types Heterogeneous transesterification 2nd generation conversion method Quality Control Engine Studies/ Optimisation Engine Development Experiments Field trial New Raw Materials Algae, Fungi etc. Biomass

    8. Engine configuration on the Test Bed

    10. Load & Speed combinations used

    12. Engine Power

    13. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) Bsfc highest with B100, followed by B50. Lowest bsfc with Petro-diesel. With B10 and B20 blends, negligible penalty in terms of volumetric fuel consumption.

    14. Thermal Efficiency B0 blend gives the lowest thermal efficiency, thereby concluding that biodiesel has improved combustion efficiency.

    15. Exhaust Temperatures & Boost air pressure Exhaust gas temperatures show a downward trend with higher percentage of biodiesel. Boost air pressure (Pressure at the exit of compressor) reduces due to reduced energy content of the exhaust gases.

    16. Fuel Injection pressure Good correlation between kinematic viscosity and fuel injection pressures. Higher injection pressures suitable for improved fuel atomization.

    17. NOx Emissions NOx emissions increase upto 4th Notch and decrease thereafter. Lowest NOx emissions with B10 and highest with B50.

    18. Gaseous HC Emissions GHC show a generally downward trend from B0 to B100. GHC is lowest with B100 and highest with B0. Indicates improved combustion characteristics of biodiesel.

    19. CO Emissions CO emissions are comparable and less than 0.2 gm/hr. For B100, CO emissions at 8th notch are significantly higher.

    20. p-? & lN- ? diagram for B0

    21. p-? & lN- ? diagram for B20

    22. p-? & lN- ? diagram for B100

    23. Combustion Analysis

    24. Shatabdi Express Trial

    25. Field Trials - II Subsequently, in May 2004, the locomotive hauling the Jan-Shatabadi Exp. from Lucknow to Allahabad has been fuelled with B10 and performance monitored for 5 days. No adverse effect has been observed with B10 also in terms of haulage capacity, lube oil consumption, abnormal engine performance etc. No unusual deposits have been noticed in the fuel filters in this trials also. Fuel injection pumps and injector nozzles found in satisfactory condition and free from any gum or resinous deposits.

    26. Present Status Indian Railways have signed an MOU with Indian Oil Corporation to plant Jatropha saplings on land to be provided by Indian Railways. This pilot project is aimed at generating base-line scientific data on growth of plants, seedlings, yield of the oil seeds, oil from seeds etc. All the Railways have grown Jatropha plants on their surplus land. Indian Railways have advertised seeking Expression of Interest for Jatropha plantation in Railway land of about 43,000 Hectares. Railway Board has issued instructions to all Zonal Railways to set up their transesterification plants. RDSO plans to set up state of the art hetrogenous catalyst based transesterification plant to try out Bio-diesels produced from different plants.

    27. Present Status (Contd.) Southern Railway has got their own transesterification plant and are running two Diesel Multiple units on B5 blend. Northern Railway has recently set up transesterification plants at their Shakurbasti and Tughlakabad Diesel sheds. South Eastern and Northeast Frontier Railways are also running trains with B10 diesel. Northern Railways will start field trials with 3000 KL of B-10 blend in their Alambagh Diesel shed based locomotives. Railway Board has advertised seeking Expression of Interest for supply of 50,000 KL of Bio-Diesel to Indian Railways.

    28. MoU with IOC - Salient features Signed in February 2003 for a period of 15 years. Railways has offered about 500 hectare land to IOC for plantation of Jatropha curcas. IOC will take up plantation, extraction, transesterification. 81 hectares have already been planted and normal yield expected from 2008. IR will use bio diesel supplied by IOC. Starting with 1-5% bio diesel, Indian Railways will go upto 20 % depending on field experience.

    29. Future Plan of RDSO Well to wheel project for biodiesel at RDSO. Setting up of pilot biodiesel plant with heterogeneous catalyst technology. Transesterification with multiple stocks. Engine studies and optimisation with multi-stock biodiesel, Jatropha, Karanja, etc. Finalise the specifications for Biodiesel plants in Zonal Railways. Development of Industry for production of biodiesel. Monitoring of B10/B20 blended biodiesel on whole fleet of diesel locomotives.

    30. Non-edible oils Jatropha Curcas, Pongamia Pinata, Shorea Robusta, Mahua, Neem, Rubber, Tree Seed etc. Waste vegetable oils Lard/ Other waste animal fats Surplus edible oils Biomass to Liquid - BTL

    31. Future Engine Studies on RDSO Test bed Modify fuel injection timings. Increasing compression ratio. Increase / decrease fuel injection pressure and injection rate. Optimisation of Intake manifold air temperature. Improve turbocharger match and air boost. Improve and optimise individual notch and duty-cycle operations. Toxicological Studies.

    32. Standards IS 15607:2005 ASTM D 6751 EN 14214 Test Laboratories IOC(R&D) RDSO IIP IICT Private Sector

    33. Savings of HSD with use of Biodiesel

    34. Land requirement

    35. Public Private Partnership Vendor selection procedures ISO TS 16949 Jurans 16-step vendor development procedure, etc. Market friendly contract conditions Reduction of delay points In synchronisation with International practices

    36. Conclusion Initial engine test bed and field trials have shown promising results in use of biodiesel as alternative fuel for Diesel traction on Indian Railways. Optimisation of the engine parameters are required for widespread use of Biodiesel on diesel locomotives.

    38. Thank You

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