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VACCINE MATCHING AND GENETIC CHARACTERISATION OF FMDV SEROTYPE O AND A ISOLATES IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA

This study focuses on the vaccine matching and genetic characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus serotype O and A isolates in Southeast Asia. The research aims to improve understanding and control of FMD outbreaks in the region by analyzing vaccine effectiveness and genetic variations in the virus.

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VACCINE MATCHING AND GENETIC CHARACTERISATION OF FMDV SEROTYPE O AND A ISOLATES IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA

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  1. VACCINE MATCHING AND GENETIC CHARACTERISATION OF FMDV SEROTYPE O AND A ISOLATES IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA Singanallur, Nagendrakumar1; Seeyo, Kingkarn2; Bowden, Timothy1; Thongtha, Panithan2; Samanit, Janya2; Kamolsiripichaiporn, Somjai2 & Vosloo, Wilna1 1CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia 2OIE-Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD in SEA, Pakchong, Nakhonratchasima 30130, Thailand CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY GFRA 2015, Hanoi, Vietnam; September 22, 2015

  2. FMD & Australia • Pre- and post border controls are essential • Up-to-date vaccine/antigen bank ? • Minor outbreaks of possible FMD: 1801, 1804, 1871 and 1872 Disease hotspots CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  3. FMD in South East Asia • FMD is endemic in most SEA countries with the exception of • Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (Sarawak/Sabah regions) and Singapore • Major direct impact on livelihoods of farmers and impediment for access to international markets • Factors driving epidemics are not always clear • poor quality vaccines, inability to perform blanket vaccination, extensive transboundary animal movement and lack of financial support for effective control programs in different countries CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  4. AAHL’s activities in SEA • AAHL through its overseas program actively engages with member countries in the SEA with support from OIE and FAO • FMD-RMP’s aim is to collaborate with RRL, Pakchong in the area of vaccine matching and take part in studying the epidemiology of the disease • Most of the countries in the region, except Thailand, use commercial vaccines that are also present in antigen banks • It is therefore essential to compare the field isolates with the vaccine strains in the vaccine banks along with the vaccine strains used in Thailand CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  5. Bovine vaccinate serum O1 Manisa O TAI/187/87 Udorn Thani (Thai vaccine strain) A22 Iraq 64 A MAY 97 A TAI/2012 Lopburi (Thai vaccine strain) Homologous reagents Field isolates from Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Cambodia Antigen matching studies in collaboration with RRL Pakchong - LPBE CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  6. Antigenic relationship of SEA isolates with O1 Manisa O LAO 13/12 O TAI 30/13 O TAI 28/13 O TAI 94/1/14 Homologous (Good Match) O LAO 11/12 O TAI 36/13 O TAI 42-2/14 O TAI 125/14 O TAI 164/14 O TAI 19/15 Intermediary (Poor Match) O LAO 10/12 O LAO 19/12 O LAO 21/12 O CAM 1/12 O CAM 4/12 O LAO 18/12 O LAO 14/12 O LAO 20/12 O TAI 29/12 O TAI 2/13 O TAI 27/13 O TAI 33/13 O TAI 38/13 O TAI 44/13 O TAI 51/13 O TAI 35/13 O TAI 42/3/14 O TAI 69/1/14 O TAI 123/1/14 O TAI 145/14 O TAI 154/14 O TAI 148/2/14 O TAI 49/1/14 O TAI 146/14 O TAI 10/1/15 O TAI 11/2015 O TAI 13/1/15 O TAI 15/1/15 O TAI 17/15 O LAO 2/15 O LAO 3/15 Heterologous (No Match) CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  7. Results of vaccine matching for isolates collected during the period 2011–2015 against serotype O vaccines <0.2 – Heterologous; 0.2-0.39 – Intermediary; >0.39 – Homologous (Samuels et al 1990) CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  8. Phylogenetic tree representing all topotypes and lineages of serotype O with special emphasis on SEA CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  9. Analysis of B cell epitope regions in VP1 protein – Site 3 Comparison with serotype O vaccine strains Aktas & Samuel, 2000 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  10. Analysis of B cell epitope regions in VP1 protein – Site 1Comparison with serotype O vaccine strains Aktas & Samuel, 2000 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  11. Analysis of B cell epitope regions in VP1 protein – Site 5Comparison with serotype O vaccine strains Aktas & Samuel, 2000 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  12. Results of vaccine matching for isolates collected during the period 2011–2015 against the serotype A vaccine strains (A22 IRQ 64, A MAY 97 and A TAI 2012) <0.2 – Heterologous; 0.2-0.39 – Intermediary; >0.39 – Homologous; Samuels et al 1990 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  13. Results of vaccine matching for isolates collected during the period 2011–2015 against the serotype A vaccine strains (A22 IRQ 64, A MAY 97 and A TAI 2012) CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  14. Phylogenetic tree representing all topotypes and lineages of serotype A with special emphasis on SEA 2014 2015 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  15. Analysis of B cell epitopes in the VP1 protein – Site 3Comparison with serotype A vaccine strains Baxt et al 1989 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  16. Analysis of B cell epitopes in the VP1 protein – Site 1Comparison with serotype A vaccine strains Baxt et al 1989 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  17. Analysis of B cell epitopes in the VP1 protein – Site 5Comparison with serotype A vaccine strains Baxt et al 1989 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  18. Summary • Most of the viruses studied are homologous to the serotype O and A vaccine strains used in Thailand • Major changes noticed in the B-cell epitopes in the VP1 region – driven by vaccine pressure (?) • Serotype O • O1 Manisa has a poor match with the isolates from SEA • Two sub-lineages of O Mya-98 identified in SEA since 2010 • PanAsia1 also in circulation • Studies with O-3039 ongoing CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  19. Summary • Serotype A • Three different variants of SEA-97 genotype identified • 2014 & 2015 strains are divided into two sub-lineages • Varying degrees of homology noticed against the different vaccine strains • Isolates collected between 2010-2013 were heterologous to A MAY 97 • The current isolates (2014-2015) are intermediary or heterologous to A22 IRQ 64 and homologous to intermediary to A MAY 97 CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  20. Surveillance: it’s what we don’t know that matters! Continual monitoring of evolving strains in the SE Asia region, and their antigenic profile, is essential for preparedness, including maintaining the relevance of vaccine banks Samples received by SEA National labs & the OIE-RRL (Pakchong) Potential threats currently not investigated ‘’Dark matter’’ CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  21. Bottle necks Remote areas Lack of financial support Real-time surveillance Storage and buffers Need to identify alternative sample transport methods Circumvent sample transportation buffer Circumvent cold storage Filter paper cards Lateral Flow Devices Use of dry sample boxes (IATA approved) Problems with sample flow into RRL, Thailand CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  22. Vaccine matching studies using O-3039 to be fast-tracked Continued monitoring of serotype A essential Reagents for multiple vaccine strains in the region need to be organised Sample collection and transport methods need to be revisited to increase the surveillance for the disease Conclusions CSIRO - HEALTH & BIOSECURITY |AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL HEALTH LABORATORY

  23. FMD Risk Management Project Australian Animal Health Laboratory Health and Biosecurity t +61 3 5227 5015 e nagendra.singanallur@csiro.au w www.csiro.au/aahl Thank you Funding provided by:Meat and Livestock Australia and livestock industries: CCA Inc, ADF, ALFA, SCA, WPA, APL, GICA Collaboration with RRL, Packchong “Within infinite myths lies the eternal truth; Who sees it all? The “Lord of Water” has but a thousand eyes, The “Lord of heavens” has a hundred, And You and I, only two.

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