MODALS

1. -Does not change by any person. -Never are followed of TO. ( TO CAN) -Only are present except can could MODALS

2. MODALS OF ABILITY To express ability we can use: • Can / beableto(is a semimodal since it can conjugate) • Could EX: You CAN it ravioli ifyoulike pasta. (Puedes comer ravioles si te gusta la pasta) She COULD runfastwhenshewas a child. (Ella podía correr rápido cuando era una niña)

3. MODALS OF PERMISSION, POLITE REQUEST These are used for interrogative sentences. There are three possibilities: • (?) Can (informal). • (?) Could (formal). • (?) May (more formal) Ex: CAN youcall me tonight? COULD youhelp me withthesuitcases? MAY I jointhisteam?

4. MODALS OF ADVICE These three modals we use when we want to give advice: • Should / oughtto (deberías) shouldisthemostused • Shouldn´t (no deberías) EX: You SHOULD /OUGHT TO improveyourpronunciation. You SHOULDN´T gooutthisnight.

5. MODALS OF OBLIGATION These modals are only used with the present time: • Must (debes) peoplewithauthority use it. • Haveto (tienes que) everybody can use it. (is a semimodal ,like be able to ,since it can conjugate) We also have NEED TO, that is not a modal but is used in affirmative like HAVE TO, and it express obligation and necessity. EX: You MUST bringyourbookstoclass. I HAVE TO buythe tickets today.

6. MODALS OF PROHIBITION To ban something we use: • Mustn´t (no debes) EX: You MUSTN´T exceed the speed limit. (No debes pasarte del limite de velocidad)

7. MODALS OF LACK OF OBLIGATION To express something that is not necessary, we use: • Don´t /doesn´thaveto (no es necesario que) • Needn´t (no necesito). EX: OnSunday I DON´T HAVE TO get up early. You NEEDN´T bringanythingtotheparty.

8. MODALS OF POSSIBILITY We use themtoexpresspossibility: • Might (- probable) pudiera ser que • Could (+ probable) podría ser quizás • May ( ++ probable) tal vez puede que • Can (+++ probable) EX: It MAY / MIGHT rain tomorrow. I CAN meetyoulater.

9. Modals of positive deduction To show that something is true we will use: • Must. EX: shegot a greatjob. She MUST beveryhappy. Modals of imposibility Toexpresssthatsomethingisimpossiblewewill use: • Can´t (no puede…) EX: I CAN´T eat a whole cake bymyself.

10. Forofferings and suggestions To offer something we can use: • Would • Shall • Can EX: You CAN eat ravioli if you like pasta. Would you like something to drink? Shall I help you with your homework?

11. MODALS PERFECTS • MUST HAVE + P.P.(3ª columna) It expresses a logical conclusion about a past event. Ex: He must have spent all his money. He hasn’t got any money left. • MAY/ MIGHT HAVE + P.P. It is used to make a assumption about something on the past. Ex: She may/ might have taken the wrong bus.

12. COULD HAVE + P.P. It shows ability to do something in the past which in the end was not done. Ex: He could have broken his leg. • COULDN’T HAVE + P.P. It shows certainty that something did not happen. EX: Ela couldn’t have broken the vase, She wasn’t at home.

13. WOULD HAVE + P.P. It shows desire to do something in the past which in fact could not be done. Ex: I would have gone to the party but I was too busy. • SHOULD/ OUGHT TO HAVE + P.P. It shows criticism or regret after an event. EX: You should have told me earlier.

14. SHOULDN’T HAVE + P.P. It shows criticism or regret after an event. Ex: I shouldn’t have drunk so much. • NEEDN’T HAVE + P.P. It expresses an unnecessary past action. Ex: She needn’t have bought anything.

15. HAD BETTER/ SHOULD It is a very colloquial way of expressing what we think should be done. -Afirmative: after the subject we put: Had better + infinitive es mejor que + subjunctive -Negative: after the subject we put: Had better + not + infinitive -There are not interrogatives sentences. It also has a other use than SHOULD and which is also used to express a warning and means: Será mejor…, más vale que… Ex: You had better tidy your room now! You had better not take my car!

16. Choosethebest modal • It’sJenny’sbirthdaynextweek. Weshouldn’t/couldn’tforgettobuyher a nicepresent. Shouldn’t • Thisisnumber 11 Chelsea Road, so wecan’t/aren’tabletobefarfromHelen’shouse. Shelives at number 14. Can’t • In manycountries, youcould/mustbe at least 18 tobuyalcoholicdrinks. Must • Ican’t/needn’tgotothe club tonightbecause I promisedtobabysitfor my neighbour. Can’t • In my opinion, youmay/shouldeat more vegetables and fewersweets. Should • Yes, of courseyoumight /mayborrowthisbookafter I readit. May

17. Choosethesentencesthatiscloser in meaningtothe original 1- I can’t find my library book. I may have lost it. a) It’s possible that I lost the book. b) I’m sure I lost the book. 2- Jim should have told us he would be late. a) It was nice of Jim to tell us he would be late. b) Jim didn’t tell us he would be late. 3- Thanks for your help. We couldn’t have fixed the car by ourselves. a) The car was eventualy fixed. b) It was impossible to fix the car. 4- She shouldn`t have told him about the surprise. a) It was wrong of her to tell him about the surprise. b) It was good that she told him about the surprise. 5- The children could have smiled when the photographer took their picture. a) The children smiled when the photographer took their picture. b) The children aren’t smiling in the photograph. 1-a 2-b 3-a 4-a 5-b

18. Correcttheerrorsusing a suitable modal • Themusicis so loudthatwemustn’ttalktoeachother. -Themusicis so loudthatwecan’ttalktoeachother. • Lastnight’sconcertwasgreat! Youshouldbethere! -Lastnight’sconcertwasgreat! Youshouldhavebeenthere! • Ask fordirectionstoKaren’shouseoryou can getlostontheway. -Ask fordirectionstoKaren’shouseoryoumaygetlostontheway. • I tookanumbrellawith me because I thoughtitmighthaverained. -I tookanumbrellawith me because I thoughtitmayhaverained. • I wouldapologisebut I didn’tknowyouwereupset. -I wouldhaveapologisedbut I didn’tknowyouwereupset. • There’snobody home. Theyoughttohavegoneout. -There’snobody home. Theymusthavegoneout.

19. END Ángela Lloret and María Martí