Social Studies GHSGT Review

1. Social Studies GHSGT Review Where every minute counts!

2. Chapter 1 and 2 Practice Questions • Read and answer the practice questions in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 on United States Government and Civil Rights and Civic Responsibilities • Be ready to share your answers at 4:30

3. Practice 1.1 – Natural Rights, Social Contracts, & the Declaration of Ind. • 1. C • 2. B • 3. Your opinion

4. Practice 1.2 – The United States Constitution • 1. A • 2. B • 3. The Federalists favored a strong central government and supported the Constitution. They argued for 3 main branches of government and supported ratification. Federalists also tended to have a “loose interpretation” of the Constitution. They believed that the Constitution allowed the federal government to take certain actions not specifically stated, so long as such actions were deemed necessary for carrying out the government’s constitutional responsibilities.

5. Practice 1.2 – The United States Constitution continued • 3. continued • Antifederalists had a different view. They were more suspicious of the Constitution and feared that it gave too much power to the central government. Antifederalists held to a “strict interpretation”. They believed the federal government could only do what the Constitution specifically said. Antifederalists did not want a small faction of leaders becoming too powerful and using the national government to trample on the rights of citizens.

6. Practice 1.3 – The Federal Government • 1. The three branches of the federal government are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. • 2. The president is the country’s chief executive. He or she is the head of the executive branch of the government and is ultimately responsible for enforcing the nation’s laws. The president serves as commander in chief of the nation’s military and is the top military commander. The president is responsible for setting foreign policy. The president plays the major role in deciding how the United States will deal with foreign countries and international situations...

7. Practice 1.3 – The Federal Government continued • 2. continued • …He or she is responsible for negotiating treaties and agreements with other nations (treaties must be ratified by the Senate before they are official). The president is the nation’s chief of state and its foremost representative. The president appoints public officials and also acts as the head of his or her political party.

8. Practice 1.4 – The Legislative Process • 1. C • 2. B • 3. The committee consists of members of the particular house and will examine, debate, and perhaps even question outside individuals concerning bills under consideration. Then, it will decide whether or not to recommend the bill for approval to the whole body. Certain committees tend to exercise greater power and receive more public attention than others…

9. Practice 1.4 – The Legislative Process continued • 3. continued • …Senators and representatives desire positions on these committees because it gives them greater influence in Congress, an in many cases, greater publicity. Such publicity can help them gain even more political support when they eventually run for reelection or attempt to gain a higher office (i.e., when a senator runs for president)

10. Practice 1.5 – The National Government and Federal System at Work • 1. C • 2. Enumerated powers are powers explicitly granted by the Constitution. Implied powers are powers NOT specifically mentioned in the Constitution. They are, however, implied based on enumerated powers. • 3. The Supremacy clause clearly states that the U.S. Constitution shall be “…the supreme law of the land…” and takes precedence over any state or local laws.

11. Practice 1.6 – United States Foreign Policy • 1. B • 2. Treaties are formal international agreements between nations and can deal with a variety of issues. The United States may become involved in treaty in order to make peace with a nation or come to an international agreement. Any treaty signed by the president of the United States must be ratified by the U.S. Senate before it becomes official and binding to the United States.

12. Practice 2.1 – The Bill of Rights • 1. A • 2. C • 3. Individual liberties are the personal freedoms every citizen enjoys under the Constitution. Public interest refers to those things in which all citizens have a common interest: public safety, national security, a healthy environment, protection from dangerous products in the marketplace, and so on…

13. Practice 1.2 – The Bill of Rights continued • 3. continued • …At times, protecting the public interest can infringe on individual liberties. For instance, following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. government passed the PATRIOT Act. This law grants government law enforcement officials greater freedom to monitor phone calls, emails, and other forms of communication between citizens that might alert the United States to potential terrorist plots in the future. Many appreciate such a law because it protects the public. Others say that such laws go too far because they invade citizen’s privacy and violate individual liberties.

14. Practice 2.2 – Participation in Civic Life • 1. D • 2. B • 3. Citizens take part in the political process in a number of ways. By voting, they are able to influence who serves in a particular public office. Through volunteering, citizens can take a more active part in the campaigns of candidates they support. Some volunteers pass out pamphlets. Some canvass neighborhoods trying to inform residents about their candidate. Still others answer phones at campaign headquarters. Volunteers play a key role in effective campaigns. Some citizens join PACs or interest groups in an effort to influence elections and political policies.

15. Practice 2.3 – Elections and Political Parties • 1. B • 2. C • 3. D • 4. In presidential elections, the winner is not directly chosen by the people, but by the Electoral College. Each state possesses a certain number of electoral votes. In a general election, whichever presidential candidate wins the most votes in a particular state is awarded all of that state’s votes in the Electoral College.

16. Practice 2.3 – Elections and Political Parties continued • 5. The Fifteenth Amendment extended the right to vote to blacks following the abolition of slavery. The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote in nationwide elections.

17. Civics/Government • Pre-Test Questions most commonly missed from these domains (over 80% incorrect): • 6, 8, 37, 41, 49, 74, 76, 83 let’s look at each question and see how you answered them

18. For homework • Complete the Chapter 1 Review by defining each term on an index card or a sheet of paper and answering all multiple choice questions • Complete the Chapter 2 Review by defining each term on an index card or a sheet of paper and answering all multiple choice questions

19. Chapter 1 Review Questions (Multiple Choice only)

20. Chapter 2 Review Questions (Multiple Choice only)

21. Chapter 3 and 4 Practice Questions • Read and answer the practice questions in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 on United States History • Be ready to share your answers at 4:30

22. Practice 3.1 – The Colonial Period • 1. A • 2. Plantations were huge farms owned by wealthy landowners who raised cash crops (crops grown for trade and profit). Because these plantations required lots of manual labor, slavery became an important part of the southern economy. By the late 1600s, slavery was firmly rooted throughout the colonies. • 3. C

23. Practice 3.1 – The Colonial Period continued • 4. New Amsterdam was a Dutch colony that quickly became successful. They traded furs, local good, and agricultural products like wheat and rye. Because of its location, New Amsterdam also became a key port that featured inhabitants from various countries. England noticed New Netherland’s prosperity. In 1664, King Charles II decided he wanted the region because of its prosperity and declared the entire area under the rule of his brother, the Duke of York. Unable to resist the British, New Amsterdam surrendered and was immediately named New York.

24. Practice 3.2 – Colonial Culture and the American Revolution • 1. A • 2. George Washington faced many challenges to building an army. Not only was he fighting one of the most powerful military forces in history, but he also had to form an army out of a band of undisciplined farmers, frontiersmen, and volunteers. Many of his men enlisted for only short periods and planned on returning home after only a few weeks of service. Washington was constantly short of men and often had to beg soldiers to remain longer than they were obligated…

25. Practice 3.2 – Colonial Culture and the American Revolution continued • 2. continued…In addition, he normally found himself short of supplies and money. Still, Washington turned out to be an amazing leader because of his ability to inspire his men with his bravery and overcome tremendous obstacles. • 3. Although the colonists had a great amount of desire for independence and the willingness to fight, they had no navy, barely an army, and very little money for supplies and weapons. The French supplied money, weapons, soldiers, and a navy that helped Washington win his decisive victory at Yorktown.

26. Practice 3.2 – Colonial Culture and the American Revolution continued • 4. D • 5. B • 6. B • 7. Thomas Paine was a writer who published a famous pamphlet, Common Sense. In it, he made a compelling case for independence that won many to the cause.

27. Practice 3.3 – The Early Nation • 1. C • 2. B • 3. Washington’s new presidency faced several challenges. When the new U.S. government took power in 1789, the nation was deep in debt and the value of the new currency was low. After accepting Hamilton’s economic plan, he had to deal with a whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania. He also had to deal with foreign challenges regarding Great Britain and France.

28. Practice 3.3 – The Early Nation • 4. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was the United States’ largest land purchase, roughly doubling the country’s size. Because he believed it was important for citizens in a republic to have access to land and due to the resources the new territory offered, Jefferson accepted the offer. He also wanted to secure trade on the Mississippi River. • 5. C

29. Practice 3.3 – The Early Nation • 6. The Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would not tolerate European intervention in the affairs of any independent nation in the Americas, nor were the American continents open to European colonization any longer. The United States would view any future attempts to colonize them as acts of aggression. Finally, the president promised that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of other American countries, nor in those of European nations.

30. Practice 4.1 – Industrial Revolution and Manifest Destiny • 1. D • 2. Manifest Destiny is the idea that is was God’s sovereign will for the United States to expand and possess territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean. People considered it the nation’s sacred duty to conquer the West. • 3. A

31. Practice 4.1 – Industrial Revolution and Manifest Destiny continued • 4. The Industrial Revolution impacted the North and the South. While Whitney’s cotton gin impacted the South, it was another of his innovations that transformed the economy of the North. After the cotton gin, Whitney began to manufacture muskets. In this industry, he introduced the idea of interchangeable parts. For the first time, each part of the musket was produced with such precision that it could fit with parts from any other musket. Whitney’s concept of interchangeable parts spread to other industries and became a key principle behind industrial development.

32. Practice 4.2 – Social and Political Reform • 1. C • 2. B • 3. Jackson and his followers favored laissez-faire economics. They did not think that the government should regulate business or pass policies to help U.S. businessmen (although Jackson did occasionally support tariffs so long as he did not think they were so high as to hurt small farmers). Jackson also had a strict interpretation of the Constitution…

33. Practice 4.2 – Social and Political Reform continued • 3. continued…Although he often pushed the bounds of presidential power (Jackson believed the president should have more power and say than Congress) and was even accused by his enemies of acting more like a king than a president, Andrew Jackson believed that the federal government should be restricted to only those powers the Constitution specifically gave it. • 4. D

34. Practice 4.2 – Social and Political Reform continued • 5. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was the first women’s rights convention in U.S. history. Although some felt Stanton went too far by demanding suffrage, the conference went a long way in drawing attention to the issue of women’s rights.

35. Practice 4.3 – Slavery, Secession, and the Civil War • 1. A • 2. C • 3. The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by Lincoln that freed slaves in the Confederate States. It inspired African Americans to fight for the Union because they saw the war as a fight for their own people’s freedom.

36. Practice 4.3 – Slavery, Secession, and the Civil War continued • The Union had more people, more railroads, and more industry. This contributed to the Confederacy’s defeat because it allowed the union to have a larger army and labor force, and it allowed it to produce and transport greater amounts of supplies and weapons.

37. For homework • Complete the Chapter 3 Review by defining each term on an index card or a sheet of paper and answering all multiple choice questions • Complete the Chapter 4 Review by defining each term on an index card or a sheet of paper and answering all multiple choice questions

38. Chapter 3 Review Questions (Multiple Choice only)

39. Chapter 4 Review Questions (Multiple Choice only)

40. Chapter 5 and 6 Practice Questions • Read and answer the practice questions in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 on United States History • Be ready to share your answers at 4:30

41. Practice 5.1 – Southern Reconstruction • 1. Under Presidential Reconstruction, Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union were pardoned; former Confederate states could hold constitutional conventions to set up state governments; states had to void (cancel) secession and ratify the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which ended slavery throughout the nation. Once the 13th Amendment was ratified, states could then hold elections and be part of the Union…

42. Practice 5.1 – Southern Reconstruction continued • …Under Radical Reconstruction, the Southern states were put under military rule. Southern states had to hold new constitutional conventions; African Americans were allowed to vote4; Southerners who had supported the Confederacy were not allowed to vote (temporarily); Southern states had to guarantee equal rights to African Americans. Presidential Reconstruction was favored by Johnson. Radical Reconstruction was favored by Republicans in Congress and eventually won.

43. Practice 5.1 – Southern Reconstruction continued • 2. C • 3. C

44. Practice 5.2 – Industrial Growth and Western Expansion • 1. John D. Rockefeller made it big in the oil business, and his company, Standard Oil, was the nation’s first oil trust. • 2. Railroads played a major role in this industrial growth and expansion. Railroads made life out West possible by allowing farmers, ranchers, and other settlers access to eastern markets and resources. They also made it easier for people to move west and populate territories at a rapid rate.

45. Practice 5.2 – Industrial Growth and Western Expansion continued • 3. B • 4. D • 5. Working conditions were often difficult. Work was often monotonous and left employees feeling very little sense of pride. Also, work hours were long, wages were low, and factory conditions were often very dangerous. Living conditions were often hard as well…

46. Practice 5.2 – Industrial Growth and Western Expansion continued • …To house the overwhelming numbers of migrants and immigrants, urban slums (poor, inner-city neighborhoods) consisting of tenements (overcrowded apartments that housed several families of immigrants or poor laborers) arose in the cities. Overcrowded and impoverished, these slums often had open sewers that attracted rats and other disease-spreading pests. The air was usually dark and polluted with soot from coal-fired steam engines and boilers…

47. Practice 5.2 – Industrial Growth and Western Expansion continued • …Meanwhile, the individual tenements were often poorly ventilated and full of fire hazards. Often, they were occupied by more than one family crammed together into a small, sometimes, one-room apartment.

48. Practice 5.3 – International Relations and the Progressive Era • 1. A • 2. Despite Wilson’s original desire for neutrality, a number of factors eventually led to U.S. involvement in the war. While many recent immigrants to the United States were of German descent and tended to favor the Central powers, most of the country’s public opinion supported the Triple Entente. This was in large part because U.S. bankers had loaned large amounts of money to Great Britain and had a vested interest in them winning the war…

49. Practice 5.3 – International Relations and the Progressive Era continued • …In addition, the British had managed to cut the main lines of communication from Germany to the United States. As a result, images of the war that reached the United States predominantly came from Great Britain. As time passed, people in the United States came to see Germany as a ruthless aggressor out to destroy democracy and freedom. The Zimmermann telegram and Germany’s sinking of U.S. ships ultimately led to war.

50. Practice 5.3 – International Relations and the Progressive Era continued • 3. C • 4. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited further immigration from China for ten years. Eventually, Congress extended the act, which remained in effect until 1943. People in places like San Francisco began to resent the cheap labor that Chinese immigrants offered and the fact that they had to compete with these immigrants for jobs…