The Cardiovascular System

1. The Cardiovascular System

2. Blood

3. Platelets Erythrocytes Monocyte Neutrophils Lymphocyte

4. 2.5 µm Side view (cut) 7.5 µm Top view

5. Stem cell Committed cell Developmental pathway Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Reticulo- cyte Erythro- cyte Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Proerythroblast Normoblast Hemocytoblast

6. Differential WBC count (All total 4800– 10,800/l) Formed elements Platelets Granulocytes Neutrophils (50–70%) Leukocytes Eosinophils (2–4%) Basophils (0.5–1%) Erythrocytes Agranulocytes Lymphocytes (25 – 45%) Monocytes (3 – 8%)

7. (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules (c) Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

8. (d) Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus (e) Monocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus

10. Platelets Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocyto- blast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets

11. 1 Step Vascular spasm •Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction. 2 Step Platelet plug formation •Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere. Collagen fibers •Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms. Platelets 3 Step Coagulation •Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot. Fibrin

13. The Heart

14. Aorta Superior vena cava Parietal pleura (cut) Pulmonary trunk Left lung Pericardium (cut) Apex of heart Diaphragm

15. Pulmonary trunk Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer Pericardium Pericardial cavity Myocardium Epicardium (visceral layer) Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber

16. Left common carotid artery Brachiocephalic trunk Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Circumflex artery Right atrium Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Right marginal artery Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Apex

17. Aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Left atrium Inferior vena cava Great cardiac vein Coronary sinus Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Posterior vein of left ventricle Posterior interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Left ventricle Apex Middle cardiac vein Right ventricle

18. Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Left atrium Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Mitral (bicuspid) valve Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Papillary muscle Right ventricle Interventricular septum Chordae tendineae Trabeculae carneae Epicardium Inferior vena cava Myocardium Endocardium

19. Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary veins Pulmonary arteries Aorta and branches Venae cavae Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium Heart Right ventricle Systemic Circuit Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood

20. Aorta Pulmonary trunk Superior vena cava Left atrium Anastomosis (junction of vessels) Left coronary artery Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery Left ventricle Right ventricle Anterior interventricular artery Right marginal artery Posterior interventricular artery The major coronary arteries

21. Superior vena cava Great cardiac vein Anterior cardiac veins Coronary sinus Small cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein The major cardiac veins

22. QRS complex Sinoatrial node Ventricular depolarization Ventricular repolarization Atrial depolarization Atrioventricular node S-T Segment P-Q Interval Q-T Interval

23. Blood Vessels and Circulation

24. Arterial system Venous system Large veins (capacitance vessels) Heart Elastic arteries (conducting vessels) Large lymphatic vessels Lymph node Muscular arteries (distributing vessels) Lymphatic system Small veins (capacitance vessels) Arteriovenous anastomosis Lymphatic capillary Sinusoid Arterioles (resistance vessels) Postcapillary venule Terminal arteriole Metarteriole Thoroughfare channel Precapillary sphincter Capillaries (exchange vessels)

25. Vascular shunt Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare channel Metarteriole True capillaries Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule (a) Sphincters open—blood flows through true capillaries. Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule (b) Sphincters closed—blood flows through metarteriole thoroughfare channel and bypasses true capillaries.

26. Arteries of the head and trunk Internal carotid artery Arteries that supply the upper limb External carotid artery Common carotid arteries Subclavian artery Vertebral artery Axillary artery Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic trunk Brachial artery Aortic arch Ascending aorta Radial artery Coronary artery Ulnar artery Thoracic aorta (above diaphragm) Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Celiac trunk Abdominal aorta Digital arteries Superior mesenteric artery Arteries that supply the lower limb Renal artery Gonadal artery External iliac artery Femoral artery Common iliac artery Popliteal artery Inferior mesenteric artery Anterior tibial artery Internal iliac artery Posterior tibial artery Arcuate artery

27. Ophthalmic artery Branches of the external carotid artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery • Superficial temporal artery • Maxillary artery • Occipital artery • Facial artery • Lingual artery • Superior thyroid artery Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common carotid artery Thyrocervical trunk Larynx Costocervical trunk Thyroid gland (overlying trachea) Subclavian artery Clavicle (cut) Brachiocephalic trunk Axillary artery Internal thoracic artery Arteries of the head and neck, right aspect

28. Anterior Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) Frontal lobe Optic chiasma • Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery • Anterior cerebral artery Internal carotid artery • Posterior communicating artery Mammillary body • Posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery Temporal lobe Vertebral artery Pons Occipital lobe Cerebellum Posterior Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view, right side of cerebellum and part of right temporal lobe removed)

29. Vertebral artery Common carotid arteries Thyrocervical trunk Left subclavian artery Suprascapular artery Right subclavian artery Costocervical trunk Brachiocephalic trunk Thoracoacromial artery Posterior intercostal arteries Axillary artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery Anterior intercostal artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Internal thoracic artery Descending aorta Subscapular artery Lateral thoracic artery Brachial artery Radial artery Deep artery of arm Ulnar artery Common interosseous artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries Illustration, anterior view

30. Veins of the head and trunk Veins that drain the upper limb Dural venous sinuses Subclavian vein External jugular vein Axillary vein Vertebral vein Cephalic vein Internal jugular vein Brachial vein Right and left brachiocephalic veins Basilic vein Superior vena cava Median cubital vein Great cardiac vein Ulnar vein Hepatic veins Radial vein Splenic vein Digital veins Hepatic portal vein Veins that drain the lower limb Renal vein Superior mesenteric vein External iliac vein Femoral vein Inferior vena cava Great saphenous vein Inferior mesenteric vein Popliteal vein Common iliac vein Posterior tibial vein Internal iliac vein Anterior tibial vein Illustration, anterior view. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are not shown. Small saphenous vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins

31. Superficial temporal vein Ophthalmic vein Occipital vein Facial vein Posterior auricular vein External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Superior and middle thyroid veins Brachiocephalic vein Subclavian vein Superior vena cava Veins of the head and neck, right superficial aspect

32. Internal jugular vein Brachiocephalic veins External jugular vein Right subclavian vein Left subclavian vein Axillary vein Superior vena cava Brachial vein Cephalic vein Azygos vein Basilic vein Accessory hemiazygos vein Hemiazygos vein Posterior intercostals Inferior vena cava Median cubital vein Ascending lumbar vein Median antebrachial vein Basilic vein Cephalic vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Deep palmar venous arch Superficial palmar venous arch Digital veins Anterior view

33. Inferior vena cava (not part of hepatic portal system) Gastric veins Hepatic veins Spleen Inferior vena cava Liver Splenic vein Right gastroepiploic vein Hepatic portal vein Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum The hepatic portal circulation.