The Progressive Movement

1. The Progressive Movement AP US History Mrs. Lacks

2. What was Progressivism? • the urban counterpart to rural populism • Too many problems with industrialization & immigration (Believed the government should be more active in solving programs)

3. PROGRESSIVISM CivilRights Suffragettes Muckrackers Temperance Labor Unions MidclassWomen Popul ists Goo Goos

4. Muckrakers • Journalists who exposed issues • Famous muckrakers? • Upton Sinclair, The Jungle • Lincoln Steffens, “The Shame of Cities” (in McClure’s Magazine) • Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives • Ida Tarbell, The History of Standard Oil Company

5. Muckrakers • Spurred govt to work to • end child labor • Limit work hours • Provide workers' compensation • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) • effort to strengthen Sherman Act • declared certain business practices illegal

6. Suffragettes • Promoted women’s rights, specifically the right to vote • Susan B. Anthony: leader of the movement • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • 3 part strategy • convince state legislatures to grant women's suffrage • 1869: Wyoming, later Utah, Colorado, Idaho • pursue court cases to test 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause) • push for national constitutional amendment

10. 19th Amendment • 1920: Women’s Suffrage

11. Populists • Early Populism (1890s) pushed legislation to help farmers • demanded reform in three areas • Financial reform • increase money supply with bimetalism • graduated income tax • federal loan program • Government reform • election of US Senators by popular vote • single terms for president and vice president • secret ballot • Industrial/Labor reform • 8-hour work day • immigration restrictions

12. Populists • William Jennings Bryan • Three time Presidential nominee • Closest race – Election of 1900 vs. McKinley • Cross of Gold speech

13. Temperance

14. Carrie Nation

15. Goo Goos • Good government guys • Supported candidates who would fight for political reform • Associated with Mugwumps and Progressives • Mugwumps: Republicans who left the party in 1884 to vote for Cleveland (didn’t like Blaine, thought he was corrupt); mugwump means holier-than-thou • Started in New York City as the “Good Government Club” • Their efforts led to the election of a new mayor, which led to the downfall of Tammany Hall

16. Political Reforms GIVE THE PEOPLE A STRONGER VOICE IN POLITICS • Election Reforms • Initiative: bill originated by the people • Referendum: vote (by people) on an initiative • Recall: voters may remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term • Secret ballot: voters choose without outside influence • Direct primary: voters choose candidates for public office (not chosen by party) • 17th Amendment (1913): direct election of Senators by popular vote • forced Senators to be more responsive to the public

17. All politics are local… • States began the march toward progressivism when they undertook to regulate railroads and trusts.  • In 1901, the governor of Wisconsin and significant figure of the progressive era, Robert M. La Follette took considerable control from the corrupt corporations and returned it to the people. • Governor of California, Hiram W. Johnson helped to break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics in 1910.

18. Middle Class Women • Settlement House Movement • Helped immigrants and other urban poor • exposed middle-class women to poverty, political corruption, and intolerable working and living conditions • Most famous – Jane Addams’ Hull House (Chicago) • Organizations for women in the workplace • Women’s Trade Union League • National Consumer’s League (Florence Kelley)

19. Middle Class Women • During the Gilded Age, colleges began opening their doors to women (or were opened specifically for women) • These colleges offered an alternative to immediate marriage • Vasser College: 1st female students in 1865 • Smith and Wellesley Colleges: 1875 • Spelman College: 1881 • Randolph-Macon Women’s College: 1891 • Columbia, Brown, and Harvard established separate colleges for women

20. Labor Unions • Remember – formed to help workers get more rights • Originally seen as disruptive, or formed for the profit of a few • Knights of Labor (Terence Powerly) • Participated in strikes and boycotts • Lost members quickly after 1880s • AFL (Samuel Gompers) • Merged out of K of L • Merged with rival Congress of Industrial Org to form AFL-CIO • Craft workers • International Workers of the World (William Haywood) • Formed specifically against AFL • American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs) • All railway workers regardless of craft • Lost membership when Deb was tried, convicted, and jailed for conspiracy to halt the free flow of mail • Spent six months in jail, read Marx • Formed the Socialist Party in the US, ran for President & lost 5 times

21. Civil Rights • Compromise of 1877 (Republican Hayes gets Presidency, Southern Democrats get the South back) • Began to exercise their discrimination upon blacks. • the "crop-lien" system, small farmers who rented out land from the plantation owners were kept in perpetual debt and forced to continue to work for the owners • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • Made “separate but equal” the law

22. Southern Discrimination • Jim Crow Laws (1876 – 1965) • Separation of public facilities by race • Enacted by state (not federal) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-BYISV9mwo • Voting (new laws inhibited blacks and poor whites) • Literacy tests • Voter registration requirements • Poll taxes

25. Northern Discrimination • similar to the south • segregated neighborhoods, work discrimination • race riots (all over the country, biggest were in major cities like New York) • Anti-immigrant • Anti-Catholic • Anti-Semitic

27. Western Discrimination • Mexican workers faced racial discrimination by whites and blacks in west (leads to problems with Black/Hispanic relations) • debt peonage - laborer forced to work off a debt - system of involuntary servitude • Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882

28. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON W.E.B. DuBOIS

29. African American Leaders • W. E. B. Du Bois • Grew up a freeman in Mass • 1st Af. Am to receive Ph. D. from Harvard (1895) • Believed blacks would never make progress if they weren’t considered equal • Booker T. Washington • Grew up a slave in VA • graduate of Hampton Institute • believed racism would end when blacks proved themselves (had useful labor skills and provided an economic value to society) • opened the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to educated black men

30. Ida B. Wells • African American woman who led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action

31. African American Population • In 1900, 8.8 million African Americans lived in US (11.6% of total population) • In 2000, 36.6 million African Americans lived in US (12.3% of total population) • In 2025, 48 million African Americans are projected to live in US (12% of total population)

32. US Ethnic/Racial Breakdown (2008)

33. African Am in US in 1900

34. African Am in US in 2000

35. Three Progressive Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt (1901 – 1909): Republican • William Howard Taft (1910 – 1912); Republican • Woodrow Wilson (1913 – 1920); Democrat

36. Theodore Roosevelt • Rough Rider (Spanish American War) • Gov of New York • Republican • became President after McKinley was assassinated only months after he took office in 1901

37. Roosevelt’s Many Hats…

38. Roosevelt’s Many Hats…

39. TR led the Rough Riders in Cuba during the Spanish American War

40. Theodore Roosevelt • 42 years old when he became president (youngest so far) • after sparing a bear cub on a hunting expedition, toy makers began making the “teddy bear”

41. Theodore Roosevelt • Modern Presidency (Greatly expanded the power of the Presidency) • Economic Plan: "Square Deal" program that consisted of 3 parts: • control of the corporations • consumer protection • conservation of natural resources.

42. Theodore Roosevelt • The “Trustbuster” • Elkins Act (1903) • Hepburn Act (1906) • Northern Securities Company

43. Theodore Roosevelt • Coal Strike of 1902 • miners in Pennsylvania went on strike and demanded a 20% raise in pay and a workday decrease from 10 hours to 9 hours.  • When mine spokesman, George F. Baer refused to negotiate, President Roosevelt stepped in a threatened to operate the mines with federal troops. (end of laissez-faire)  • A deal was struck in which the miners received a 10% pay raise and an hour workday reduction. • Congress, aware of the increasing hostilities between capital and labor, created the Department of Commerce in 1903.

44. Theodore Roosevelt • Health Reform • Meat Inspection Act (1906) • dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers • created program of federal meat inspection (grade a, b, etc) • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • halted sale of contaminated foods and medicines • called for truth in labeling

45. Theodore Roosevelt • First Environmental Acts • Desert Land Act of 1887 • Forest Reserve Act of 1891 • Carey Act of 1894 • TR the Environmentalist • Newlands Act of 1902 • 125 million acres of land in federal reserves (more than any other POTUS) • "multiple-use resource management“ - sought to combine recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same expanse of federal land

46. THANK YOU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT!

48. Election of 1908 • TR had won re-election in 1904, stepped down after two terms • Hand-selected Taft to be Republican nominee

49. Election of 1908

50. From Ohio Republican 27th POTUS Later Chief Justice of Supreme Court (dream job) William Howard Taft