CA. Standards Review

1. CA. Standards Review Top Terms, People, and Events

2. 1. Enlightenment • Intellectual movement • Influenced leaders of the American Revolution • Truth though reason • Natural laws rule the universe • People can find happiness • Society can progress • Liberty should be protected by laws

3. 2. John Locke • English Enlightenment Philosopher • People have natural rights of life, liberty, and property • People have the right to overthrow a government if it does not protect these rights • Jefferson used Locke in the D of I

4. 3. Effects of the Enlightenment • Principles of Enlightenment led colonists to challenge British authority

5. 4. Locke’s ideas behind the American Revolution • People have a right to overthrow a government that violates a person’s natural rights

6. 5. The Constitution and debates on Ratifying • Influenced by the Enlightenment • Federalism – division of powers b/t the Fed. Government and the states • Three branches of government: J, L, E, • Great Compromise – Two house Congress: Senate not based on population and the H of R based on population of the state

7. 6. Bill of Rights • Federalists supported the Constitution • Anti-Federalists did not • AF’s wanted a Bill of Rights to protect the individual rights of the people from the government • First 10 Amendments of the Constitution

8. 7. States’ Rights vs. Federal Authority • Constitution is the supreme law of the land • It takes precedence over a state law when there is conflict • Examples: Nullification Crisis of 1832 (Federal tariff) and the Civil War 1861-1865 (slavery)

9. 8. Civil War • Led to rapid growth of industry in the North • South was destroyed

10. 9. Amendments 13 – Abolishes slavery 14 – Equal protection under the law; citizenship to former slaves 15 – gave right to vote to former slaves (South passed literacy tests, grandfather clause, and poll taxes) 18 – banned alcohol (prohibition) 19 – Women the right to vote

11. 21 – Repealed the 18th Amendment (ended prohibition) • 24 – Abolished poll tax • 26 – 18 years old can vote

12. 10. Effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction • Reconstruction is the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War • Slavery abolished • African Americans are kept from voting by poll taxes and literacy tests • African Americans move from the country to the city and from the South to the North • Jim Crow laws = segregation; Plessy v. Ferguson makes it legal

13. 11. Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Shift from farming to factories • Railroad lines explode across the US • People move from farm to city for work • US needed raw material to industrialize • Looked abroad for raw materials and to find new markets for excess goods

14. 12. Industrialization and Working Conditions • Rise of factories • Cities provided cheap labor • Living condition were poor in cities • Tenements Houses • Poor working conditions and low wages • High incidence of child labor • Photos by Jacob Riis

15. 13. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle • Novel • Exposed the unsanitary working conditions in the meat packing industry • Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

16. 14. Reasons for the growth of cities • Railroads linked towns and new towns sprouted along railroad lines • Skyscrapers, streetcars, and railroads • Cities grew near transportation such as canals, rivers, and railroads • Most growth in NE and Midwest • Immigrants from Europe crowded cities looking for jobs • Lived in tenements and clustered together based on ethnicity

17. 15. Americanization Movement • Americans wanted new immigrants to assimilate to the American way of life • Attend public school to learn English and American history • Children assimilated but adults often did not

18. 16. Urban Political Machines • Found in large cities • Controlled activities of a political party • Corrupt; offered jobs and services for their vote or financial support • Major source of graft, corruption, and fraud • Immigrants liked machine b/c it offered essential services to them • Reformers wanted to rid city of machine

19. 17. Boss Tweed • Leader of Tammany Hall political machine in New York City • Largest machine of its time

20. 18. Tammany Hall • Name of Boss Tweed’s political machine in New York City • Mascot was the Tammany Hall Tiger

21. 19. Trusts and Cartels • Trust is when companies turn over their stock to a group of trustees who run the companies as one large company. • Result are large profits and a monopoly of the industry • Cartels are trusts formed to regulate or fix prices

22. 20. Andrew Carnegie • Started Carnegie Steel • Largest steel manufacturer in the country • Used vertical and horizontal integration to dominate the steel industry

23. 21. John D. Rockefeller • Started Standard Oil Trust • Controlled 90% of oil industry • Paid low wages, and drove out competition by selling oil for less than it cost to produce it and then raising the price when competition was gone • Sherman Antitrust Act was used to try to break up trusts – it was ineffective

24. 22. Robber Baron • Name given to John D. Rockefeller and other industrialists because of their unfair business tactics

25. 23. Vertical and Horizontal Integration • Vertical – buying the resources needed to make a product • Horizontal – buying out your competitors

26. 24. Natural resources • Coal, iron ore, oil • US had an abundance which allowed it to industrialize quickly • Led to the rise of the railroad and an increase in manufacturing • Downside: US produced too many goods and had to look to foreign markets to sell them. Leads to imperialism

27. 25. Social Gospel Movement • Christians were responsible for helping the poor • Wanted to reconstruct American society • Used to address the poor living conditions in cities

28. 26. Settlement Houses • Used to help poor immigrants in cities • Provided social and education services • Part of the Social Gospel movement

29. 27. Jane Adams • Influential member of the Social Gospel and settlement house movement • Founded Hull House in Chicago

30. 28. Social Darwinism • Wealth, social status, and property determined a person’s fitness • Poor were seen as lazy, inferior, and less fit • Used by rich industrialists to support their wealth and business practices

31. 29. Populist Movement • Started by farmers to help economic situation • Wanted to increase the money supply, reform government, and improve working conditions • Ideas later adopted the Democratic party

32. 30. William J. Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” Speech • Adopted populist ideas • Speech said that money supply needed to go on a gold and silver standard, not just gold • This would help farmers • “Do not crucify man on a cross of gold”

33. 31. Progressivism • Wanted to change harsh conditions of industrialization • Prohibit alcohol • Limit the power of large corporations • Use scientific principles to increase efficiency • Teddy Roosevelt’s “Bull Moose Party” • Movement died as a result of World War I

34. 32. First Great Awakening • 1730-1740 • Christian revival in the colonies to encourage people to question traditional authority • Helped the American Revolution

35. 33. Second Great Awakening • 1790 • Led to social reform and growth in church membership

36. 34. Discrimination against Mormons, Catholics , and Jews • Mormons practiced polygamy; eventually settled in Salt Lake City, Utah • People feared Catholic church would take over government • Jews came to American because of world wide intolerance. Created B’nai B’rith society for protection

37. 35. Open Door Policy • US economy depended on exports • China was a huge market • US policy that said all nations should have equal trading access in China • Ideas guided US foreign policy

38. 36. Spanish-American War • Part of US imperialism • US easily defeated Spain • War gave Cuba its freedom (became protectorate of the US with the Platt Amendment), gained Philippines for $20 million, Guam, and Puerto Rico • Big issue was Constitutional rights of the inhabitants of the new lands acquired

39. 37. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Monroe Doctrine (1820s) said that the US would not tolerate European inference in the North America • Roosevelt Corollary (1904) extended that belief specifically to Central America, South America, and the Caribbean

40. 38. Panama Canal • French had failed to complete the canal • US supported a revolution in Panama so they could gain their independence from Columbia • Panama then gave canal to US • US finished canal in 1914

41. 39. Big Stick Diplomacy (Gun Boat Diplomacy) • Policy of president Teddy Roosevelt • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Use military (especially a strong navy) to back up US imperial actions

42. 40. Dollar Diplomacy • Policy of president Taft • Used US dollars instead of the military to influence foreign policy

43. 41. Moral Diplomacy • Policy of Woodrow Wilson • Said that US would only support countries that were democratic and supported US interests • Had problems with Mexico

44. 42. World War I • Many wanted to stay out of war • War made the US the strongest industrial power in the world • African Americans left the South for jobs. Women worked in industries • After war, many people wanted things to return to “normal”

45. 43. Warren Harding • Republican president elected in 1920 • Appointed Ohio Gang (friends) to his cabinet • Tea Pot Dome Scandal with Albert Fall

46. 44. Calvin Coolidge • Republican president in 1923 • Cleaned up after Coolidge • Supported big business

47. 45. Herbert Hoover • Republican president in 1928 • Did not have government respond to the stock market crash of 1929 • Created the Reconstruction Finance Corp. to help businesses during the GD • Easily defeated by FDR in 1932

48. 46. Characteristics of conservative Republican presidents of the 1920s • Supported big business • No government in the economy • Isolationist • Government’s job was not to help individuals

49. 47. A. Mitchell Palmer • US Attorney General in the 1920s • Looked for communists

50. 48. Palmer Raids • Led by A. Mitchell Palmer • Looked for suspected communists in America • Many arrested but none had violated any laws