THEORETICAL MODEL OF ADDICTION.

1. THEORETICAL MODEL OF ADDICTION. • MORAL MODEL. • BIOLOGICAL/DISEASE/MEDICAL/GENETIC • PSYCHOLOGICAL • SOCIO- CULTURAL MODEL – MICRO @MACRO UNDERSTANDING • FAMILY SYSTEM/PUBLIC HEALTH MODEL.

2. B.A. in Applied addiction Studies Models of Treatment Module :Jan to April Lecturer :Seamus Sheedy. (M.I.A.A.A.C.) (M.I.A.C.P.)

3. Bio psychosocial Model • The Bio psychosocial Model is a theory on substance misuse, a set of ideas or framework that allows attention to be focused on all problems relating to substance misuse. This allows those who develop policies and programmes and deliver services to people affected by substance misuse and also to address the broad range of problems associated with substance misuse (either their own or someone else’s)

4. Model. • The Bio psychosocial Theory allows for the delivery of harm reduction that minimise health risk to substance misusers’ who continue to engage in high-risk behaviour. The theory hypothesises that substance misuse lies upon a continuum of severity and embraces a variety of syndromes and substance misuse disabilities including dependency syndrome. The theory also acknowledges other concepts and theories on substance misuse.

5. Bio psychosocial • The Bio psychosocial theory is not just a bolting together of older theories, each of which prioritises problems differently. Nor does it have its own distinct relationship between terms and concepts, which essentially locks practitioners of different theories into separate worlds isolated from one another. This theory seems to be a framework that considers all view points which enables professional to work together towards solution to a variety of wide range serious problems

6. Bio – Psycho – Social Model of Addiction Biological/Medical Issues • Body • Genes/Hereditary • Disease • Treating addiction like a PHYSICAL and mental illness Psychological issues • Learned behaviour • Psychological Trauma • Addictive personality

7. Bio-psycho- SOCIAL model Social Issues • Micro: - Family - Neighbourhood - Availability • Macro: - Cultural values - Legal Status etc

8. Bio psychosocial • The Bio psychosocial Theory is based or acts on observation or experiment and not on theory alone. The hypotheses generated by the theory can be tested scientifically. Already the research existing supports the notion that there is no superior treatment for all substance misuse.

9. Bio-Psycho-Social Model • Bio-Psycho-Social Model • Any use in case work? • Is it understood world-wide? • Why not stick to the Disease Model? • What are its limitations?

10. Any use in case work? • 14 year old boy; smoking hash and drinking at least three nights a week – to the point that he’s passing out and wetting the bed. His parents are very worried about him, particularly as this has only started since they separated and he changed schools. Using the bio-psycho-social model of addiction, interpret this case.

11. Is it understood worldwide? • Maybe ? • Would be respected as a good description of a difficult issue, that incorporates all main insights into addiction • Puts a structure around ‘harm reduction’ – a term that often exists without a clear philosophical basis to it

12. Why not stick to the Disease Model? • The Disease Model dominates world-wide. • It suggests that addiction is a no-fault, progressive disease that, if not arrested, is fatal. • Recovery is only through abstinence and this is best helped (though not exclusively) through a 12 step programme. • Many out-patient and residential addiction centres in Ireland are ‘disease oriented’.

13. However, • Addiction, as a disease is a limited concept – when does someone cross the line into ‘addiction’? • What is a disease anyway? Are we speaking in fact or metaphor? • People can recover and then go on to have a healthy life using a substance without it being deadly • Determining when a person is addicted and when they are not is always possible – neither genes nor psychological exercises nor amounts taken nor behaviour profiles can say with authority that he is addicted and she isn’t.

14. Addicted. • Determining when a person is addicted and when they are not is always possible – neither genes nor psychological exercises nor amounts taken nor behaviour profiles can say with authority that he is addicted and she isn’t.

15. Determining when a person is addicted and when they are not is always possible – neither genes nor psychological exercises nor amounts taken nor behaviour profiles can say with authority that he is addicted and she isn’t.

16. What are the limitations of the Bio-Psycho-Social Model? • Bio-psycho-social model • Bio-psycho-social model • Bio-psycho-social model • Which is it? The emphasis of this model tends to favour your own thinking (bias) and training!

17. What does it consider. • The Theory considers misuse as embracing a variety of substance misuse disabilities and supports the concept of harm reduction outcome goals including abstinence related goals. It is not a one dimensional theory. Treatment success is measured along more than one dimension.

18. 7 Tools to Beat Addiction. • Dr. Peele combines knowledge, compassion, and common sense to create a book that will surely bring hope and help to all people suffering with alcohol and other drug problems.”—Pat Denning, Ph.D., Coauthor of “Over the Influence: The Harm Reduction Guide for Managing Drugs and Alcohol.”

19. Substance Use Continuum (Pat Denning) Experimentation = trying it out, curiosity Social/Recreational = No pattern established Habituation = Pattern of use without problems occurring ‘Abuse’ = Ongoing use despite negative consequences Dependence = Abuse + Compulsion + Relapse Potential Physiological Dependence = ‘tolerance and withdrawal’ Persistent Addiction = ‘no change’

20. Dr. Denning. • These days, Dr. Denning understands that there are two major reasons why people use drugs. These are: 1) to increase pleasure, and 2) to decrease pain. In her experience, people get into more trouble when their use of drugs is oriented towards the reduction of pain (physical, emotional, and otherwise) than when it is intended to increase pleasure. When people get themselves into trouble with drugs, what works is to treat them with respect and dignity and to help them learn ways of coping and to gain access to resources which will help them maintain and promote their own safety. The harm reduction approach is founded on the idea that all people are worth saving and are deserving of dignity; that no one deserves to be thought of as a 'hopeless' case undeserving of help; that people can benefit from help if it is well-presented, actually useful and offered without judgment, and that treatment success doesn't have to be defined in all or nothing terms.