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Location of urban settlements

Location of urban settlements. Urbanization. Urbanization. It occurs when the proportion of urban population to total population increases. Measures the % of total pop. It is a process by which the no. of urban pop. increases while the rural pop. decreases. Urban growth.

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Location of urban settlements

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  1. Location of urban settlements Urbanization

  2. Urbanization • It occurs when the proportion of urban population to total population increases. • Measures the % of total pop. • It is a process by which the no. of urban pop. increases while the rural pop. decreases.

  3. Urban growth • It refers to the actual increase in the number of urban population.

  4. Early Settlements • Iraq is pretty much where the first cities grew • The word 'Mesopotamia' is in origin a Greek name (mesos 'middle' and potamos 'river', so 'land between the rivers').

  5. The Fertile Crescent • Jericho, which is in the middle of the Israel-Palestinian issues, is an OLD city • May be as much as 9,000 years old!

  6. The Indus Valley • Mohenjodaro and Harappa were major cities • Civilization from about 2500 BC to 1500 BC

  7. The Nile Valley • The Egyptian civilization from about 3500 BC • The pyramids of Giza built at about 2500 BC

  8. Causes of Urbanization Rural-urban migration

  9. Rural-urban migration • Movement of people from rural to urban areas • Causes: -- Population growth -- Expansion of urban areas

  10. Why more people in the city? This can be explained by push and pull factors.

  11. Agricultural improvements • Farm mechanization • Opening up of rural land for urban uses • Food supply to cities • Release of farm labour

  12. Industrialization • Agglomeration economies • Mushrooming of industries • Large demand for labour

  13. Market potential • Market-oriented locations for industries • Jobs attracting population • Population = market (snowballing effect)

  14. Snowballing Effect of industrialization and urbanization Industrial growth in cities growth of secondary and tertiary ind. to satisfy the demand Demand for labour in secondary industry attracting more people to come to the cities  rural-urban migration greater demand for goods and services urban growth/ urbanization

  15. Increased service activities • Higher standard of living • Need for greater economic and social organization • Retailing, entertainment, catering, administration • Growth of urbanism

  16. Transport improvements • Encourage the horizontal expansion of towns along major routes • Increase population mobility • Facilitate rural-urban migration

  17. Social and cultural attraction • Availability of social facilities, e.g. theatres, art galleries • Centre of urban life

  18. Increased education • People become more knowledgeable, ambitious • Cities provide opportunities to satisfy personal contentment

  19. Natural population growth • Migrants are of fertile age • Greater wealth makes large families more viable

  20. Urbanization in developed countries • Higher level of urbanization • Due to early industrialization • Which led to rural-urban migration • Pull factors being more important • rate of urbanization slows down as farm mechanization is almost complete

  21. How do cities grow in developed countries? • Upward growth • Outward growth

  22. Upward growth of the city • Skyscrapers • because of rising land price in the city centre • taller buildings can maximize floor space • made possible with the dev. of lifts and better building materials

  23. Outward growth of cities: Baltimore & Washington areas in US • first took place along lines of communication • in a star or finger shape • improvement in transport  people travel faster & live further from their place of work • areas between roads are filled in by settlement

  24. Reasons for outward growth of cities(urban sprawl) • lack of land • rising land price • desire to have larger homes with gardens • land price and rent is lower in outskirts of the city (lower density housing  suburbs) • improvement in transport + higher level of car ownership  live in suburbs

  25. HAMLET Hierarchy of urban settlements VILLAGE TOWN MEGALOPOLIS CITY CONURBATION MEGACITY CONURBATION METROPOLIS CONURBATION METROPOLIS

  26. Conurbation = large urbanized area

  27. Megalopolis = joining of conurbation/many large cities CHIPITTS SANSAN BOSNYWASH

  28. Urbanization in developing countries • lower level of urbanization • late urbanization (in the 20th century) • result of rural-urban migration • push factors being more important • urbanization is not accompanied by industrialization • slow growth of industry • living standard remains low • unemployment in cities and people living in poverty

  29. Urban growth in developing countries • very rapid urban growth • due to high natural increase + rural-urban migration • low level of urbanization • increase of rural population

  30. How do cities grow in developing countries? • concentrated in one single city • usually the capital city • built by the Europeans during the colonial rule •  primate city • e.g. Manila

  31. Slums • developed around the city margin • with shanty settlements • as government doesn’t have money to build houses

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