AP World History Crash Course Review (Units 1-5)

1. AP World HistoryCrash Course Review (Units 1-5) Ms. Sheets University High School

2. Foundations/Classical Period Chapters 1 - 5

3. Neolithic Revolution6000-4000 BCE Characterized by the start of agriculture People settled and civilizations emerged Started treating women lower than traditional hunter-gatherer societies

4. Caste System Introduced by the aryans to the indians (Hinduism) Wanted to distinguish themselves from non-Aryans A social order determined by karma hereditary; only marry within castes, and could not move out of caste in lifetime Caste system Brahmans (Priests) Kshatriya (Kings, warriors) Vaisya (Merchants) Sudra (Craftsmen and Artisans) The Untouchables

5. Hammurabi’s Code1772 BCE Mesopotamia (Babylon) Hammurabi’s code was the first set of written law laws were specific to social status and gender of the offender. punishments were to fit the crime (eye for an eye)

6. Mandate of Heaven Formed during the zhou dynasty that justified a ruler’s reign. Stated that the heavens wanted a person to rule and if they ruled badly, they could lose heaven’s favor. Perpetuates dynasty cycle by new dynasties arguing old dynasties have lost the mandate

7. Ashoka269-232 BCE Indian; mauryan dynasty; conquered most of india Extended Mauryan territory, gaining control of all but southern tip of India Converts to buddhism, spreads buddhism throughout india; tolerates hinduism which remains the dominant religion in india Increased trade, expanded agriculture Empire declined after his rule

8. 3 Ethical Systems of China Confucianism(551-478 BCE) Formed by Confucius Valued obedience and respect, emphasized proper societal role Predominant philosophy Daoism (5th c. BCE) Valued nature, frugality, simplicity Followed the force or “dao” Legalism Valued punishment for wrongdoing Strict ethical system; government must control people

9. Qin Shi Huangdi221-201 BCE Proclaimed himself “first emperor of china” Ruled after the warring states period during the qindynasty (221-201 BCE) Legalist; burned books Used forced labor to build the great wall of china Centralized bureaucracy by taking control of feudal estates Unified china culturally; standard weights, measures

10. Augustus Caesar27 BCE – 14 CE Part of the second triumvirate Augustus Caesar, Lepidus, and Marc Anthony Formed the roman empire; First roman emperor Led to a period of roman peace (paxromana) Improvements in women’s status; public works; common coinage; stadiums; highway safety Military expansion Conquered Britain, Germany, Mesopotamia, Greece First social welfare – bread and circuses Creation of public approval through shallow means

11. Hellenism The spread of greek culture by alexander the great Characterized by blend of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures Long-distance trade flourished Ends 146 BCE, with conquest of Greek peninsula by Rome

12. Post-Classical Period Chapters 6 - 15

13. Manorialism Agreement between landlords and peasant laborers (serfs) who live on estates (manors) Serfs were obligated to give their lord a portion of their produce Lords protected serfs and provide everyday needs Local level; no involvement of military Local politics with regional aristocrats is most common form of organization Abandon manorialism for feudalism during Viking invasions

14. Sunni v. Shi’ite Two main branches of islam (originally a political dispute) Sunni: argued that rule didn’t have to be direct descendant from Muhammad (Abu Bakr) 85% Shi’ite: ruler had to be a direct descendant from Muhammad (Ali) 15%

15. Sinification The spread of chinese culture evident in Korea, Vietnam, japan Taika Reforms in Japan Cities, schools, courts organized like Chinese Buddhism spreads Chinese writing and law codes

16. Great Schism1054 Pope excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople, and the patriarch excommunicated the pope Clerical celibacy; which bread?; state >church or church>state? Western Europe Catholicism; Pope in Rome; Priests practice celibacy, use Latin; Iconoclasm Eastern Europe Greek (later Russian) Orthodox; Patriarch in Constantinople; Clergy could marry; Greek language

17. Five Pillars Confession of Faith: Allah is the only god, Muhammad is his prophet Pilgrimage to mecca Charity Fasting during ramadan Commemorates Muhammad’s first revelation Pray 5 times a day

18. Magna Carta1215 Signed by king john in 1215 Recognizes the supremacy of written law Created a parliament to restrict king john’s powers

19. PaxMongolica13th-14th centuries Mongol peace Relative peace among the land conquered by the mongols Freedom of religion Increase in women’s rights Facilitated silk road trade Spread Bubonic Plague

20. Split Inheritance Inca practice 1st born son has throne 2nd born son has wealth This led to 1st born having to conquer new lands to gain wealth every generation

21. Empress Wu690-705 Only female to ever rule china Tang dynasty Wished to make buddhism state religion Supported buddhist art and shrines Endows monasteries Gives tax breaks and donations of land to buddhists

22. Kublai Khan Took the title of great khan Conquered china; yuandynasty (1279-1368) Wife played an influential role in government Distinctions between mongols and chinese Civil service exam disbanded Disliked by chinese

23. Feudalism in Europe and Japan Europe King Lords Knights (Vassals) Peasants (serfs) Japan Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasants

24. Early Modern Era Chapters 16 - 22

25. Martin Luther Upset by indulgence and corruption in catholic church 1517: Writes 95 theses ordered to recant at diet of worms, but refuses Spread of lutheranism Salvation is by faith alone Bible is ultimate authority All humans equal in eyes of God Literacy increases; promotion of love between husband and wife Printing press

26. Counter Reformation Council of trentcreated changes in the church in response to luther and others Attempted to strengthen church by teaching and missionary work Abandon sale of indulgences Use art to assert personal relationship with Christ

27. Sociedad de castas New Spain social order Peninsulares: Colonists born in europe Creoles: people born in colonies to Spanish parents Mestizos: people with europeanand latinamerican descent Mulattos: people with European and African descent Indians Slaves

28. Treaty of Tordesillas1494 Divided the unclaimed regions of the world between spain and portugal Awards Brazil to Portugal Spain gets east of line; Portugal, west Ineffective and sometimes ignored Remedy to Pope’s line of demarcation (1493)

29. Janissaries Ottoman Empire standing army of converted and abducted young Christian boy soldiers from the balkans controlled the artillery and firearms so they were the most powerful component of the military

30. Akbar the Great1560-1605 Mughal empire Mughal golden age in india Had a vision to reunite india Modernized military Religious tolerance; Din-i-ilahi Outlawed sati Encouraged remarriage; discouraged child marriage; discouraged female seclusion Encouraged good relationships between muslims and hindus

31. Zheng He1405-1433 Ming Dynasty Explorer Stopped due to expense of enormous ships and xenophobia promoted by neoconfucians

32. Ivan III (Ivan the Great)1462-1505 Expelled the mongols from russia Asserted control over all orthodox churches Extends russian territory

33. Tokugawa Shogunate1603-1868 Tokugawa ieyasuConsolidates power on japan by reorganizing daimyos around himself Prohibited japanese to leave japan and allowed minimal western contact European contact was with Dutch and only on DeshimaIsland Little contact with China and Koreas Culture thrived: Buddhism and Shinto remained center

34. Modern Era Chapters 23 - 27

35. Napoleon Bonaparte1801-1815 Emperor of French empire Quickly takes over much of europe but stopped in russianwinter in 1812 Tries to conquer egypt; fails in battle of pyramids and battle of nile Exiled to Elba in treaty of fontainebleau Escapes, re-gathers an army Captured at battle of waterloo Exiled to St. Helena Causes nationalism to spread throughout europe

36. Toussaint L’Ouverture1791-1804 Haiti was a French colony for sugar Led Haitians to victory against the french in the Haitian revolution Claims Enlightenment and French Revolution ideas apply to French colonies

37. Monroe Doctrine1823 Document issued by jamesmonroe that prohibited european interference with latinamerican countries

38. Sepoy Rebellion1857 Sepoys: Natives of india that are loyal to european power Sepoys angered by new rifles that require them to use their teeth to tear open cartridges Animal fat as lubricant Led to britishraj and dissolution of British east india company

39. Berlin Conference Issued by otto van bismark to divide africa among european imperial powers Scramble for Africa Held little regard to cultural boundaries of the africanpeople African representatives not present Led to african unrest, violence, and difficulty in establishing independence

40. Spanish-American War1898 Cubans rebel against spain US businesses concerned about their investments in Cuban sugar and tobacco USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor “Remember the Maine; to Hell with Spain!” US goes to war against spain Us gains puertorico, the philippines, and guam “independence” for cuba Allowed for direct US involvement in Caribbean

41. Opium War1839-1842 British began selling opium to china and although china outlaws it, british continue to trade China wants to end british trade; british argue for free trade rights Britain and france easily overpower china Treaty of nanking Hong Kong is British colony for European trade Extraterritorality rights Spheres of Influence

42. Global Era Chapters 28 - 36

43. Sun Yat-Sen First president of the republic of china Leader of nationalists (Kuomintang) Dies 1925; nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek

44. World War I1914-1918 Main causes Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism Sparked by assassination of austrian archduke ferdinand by serbiannationalist Princip Germany attempts to take france through attacking belgium; stalemate (trench warfare) Schlieffen Plan Triple alliancevs. triple entente Austria, Germany, Italy (who will switch) England, France, Russia (later America) US joins (Zimmerman Telegram + Lusitania) Russia withdraws (treaty of brest-litovsk) Treaty of versailles, 1919

45. Balfour Declaration1917 Jewish nationalists living in britain(zionists) appeal to arthurbalfour Led by Theodor Herzl after Dreyfus Affair Balfour issues the balfour declaration, which grants jews rights to the holy land, as long as palestinians are not displaced The problem is there is no way to do that. Ultimately leads to constant warfare.

46. Kwame Nkrumah 1957: Prime minister of independent ghana Gained complete independence from Britain Fairly peaceful decolonization as there is not a large amount of Europeans present Tries to revive traditional african culture Becomes a leftist authoritarian ruler and is overthrown by a military coup while visiting vietnam

47. Vladimir Lenin leader of the bolshevik party February revolution 1917 Nicholas II abdicates, later his family is killed, ends Romanovs Provisional government put in place October revolution, 1917 Lenin and Communist Party take power in Russia Reforms Gave land to peasants Control of factories given to workers Withdrew from WWI New economic policy Reforms in order to promote agricultural development Reduce economic strain on peasants

48. World War II1939-1945 Axis vs. allied powers Germany, Japan, Italy US, UK, Soviet Union Japan seizes manchuria, expands into china (Rape of nanking) Hitler and stalin’s non-aggression pact, 1939 Blitzkrieg Japan attacks pearl harbor; us uses atomic bombs Battle of midway and battle of stalingrad are turning points Battle of bulge is germany’s last effort; hitler commits suicide holocaust

49. Cold War1945-1991 US and Western Europe vs. russia and eastern europe Capitalism, Democracy Communism, Dictatorships NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Iron curtain Vietnam war, korean war Marshall plan for economic rebuilding Containment Red scare

50. Great Leap Forward1958-1960 China; maozedong Creation of large communes Meant to harmonize mao’s ideal of a idyllic rural china made up of peasants yet still industrialize Backyard industries (steel) Widespread famine Mao no longer leader of china after, but still party leader