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Computer Hardware

Learn about the structure and function of computer hardware components and the different types of memory used in computers. Explore topics such as CPU, main memory, external memory, and more.

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Computer Hardware

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  1. Computer Hardware Hery hamdiazwir

  2. ICT & Computer • What is ICT (TIK)? • TeknologiInformasimeliputisegalahal yang berkaitandenganproses, penggunaansebagaialat bantu, manipulasi, danpengelolaaninformasi. (Wikipedia) • TeknologiKomunikasiadalahsegalasesuatu yang berkaitandenganpenggunaanalat bantu untukmemrosesdanmentansfer data dariperangkat yang satukelainnya (Wikipedia) • What is Computer? • Suatumesin yang dapatdiprogram yang menerima, menyimpan, memanipulasi data danmenghasilkannyadalambentuk/format yang lebihberguna (Wikipedia). Komputermelakukanproses yang disebutkomputasi.

  3. Structure & Function • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

  4. Function • All computer functions are: • Data processing • Data storage • Data movement • Control

  5. Functional View

  6. Operations (a) Data movement

  7. Operations (b) Storage

  8. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

  9. Operation (d)Processing from storage to I/O

  10. Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines

  11. Structure - The CPU CPU Arithmetic and Login Unit Computer Registers I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Memory Control Unit

  12. Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit CPU Sequencing Login ALU Control Unit Internal Bus Control Unit Registers and Decoders Registers Control Memory

  13. Memory • Semiconductor, Internal Memory • Volatile (RWM – Read Write Memory) Known as RAM • Nonvolatile (ROM) • External Memory • Magnetic Disk • Optical Disk • Magnetic Tape

  14. Semiconductor Memory Types

  15. Semiconductor Memory • RAM • Misnamed as all semiconductor memory is random access • Read/Write • Volatile • Temporary storage • Static or dynamic

  16. Memory Cell Operation

  17. Dynamic RAM • Bits stored as charge in capacitors • Charges leak • Need refreshing even when powered • Simpler construction • Smaller per bit • Less expensive • Need refresh circuits • Slower • Main memory • Essentially analogue • Level of charge determines value

  18. Dynamic RAM Structure

  19. DRAM Operation • Address line active when bit read or written • Transistor switch closed (current flows) • Write • Voltage to bit line • High for 1 low for 0 • Then signal address line • Transfers charge to capacitor • Read • Address line selected • transistor turns on • Charge from capacitor fed via bit line to sense amplifier • Compares with reference value to determine 0 or 1 • Capacitor charge must be restored

  20. Static RAM • Bits stored as on/off switches • No charges to leak • No refreshing needed when powered • More complex construction • Larger per bit • More expensive • Does not need refresh circuits • Faster • Cache • Digital • Uses flip-flops

  21. Stating RAM Structure

  22. Static RAM Operation • Transistor arrangement gives stable logic state • State 1 • C1 high, C2 low • T1 T4 off, T2 T3 on • State 0 • C2 high, C1 low • T2 T3 off, T1 T4 on • Address line transistors T5 T6 is switch • Write – apply value to B & compliment to B • Read – value is on line B

  23. SRAM v DRAM • Both volatile • Power needed to preserve data • Dynamic cell • Simpler to build, smaller • More dense • Less expensive • Needs refresh • Larger memory units • Static • Faster • Cache

  24. Read Only Memory (ROM) • Permanent storage • Nonvolatile • Microprogramming (see later) • Library subroutines • Systems programs (BIOS) • Function tables

  25. Types of ROM • Written during manufacture • Very expensive for small runs • Programmable (once) • PROM • Needs special equipment to program • Read “mostly” • Erasable Programmable (EPROM) • Erased by UV • Electrically Erasable (EEPROM) • Takes much longer to write than read • Flash memory • Erase whole memory electrically

  26. Types of External Memory • Magnetic Disk • RAID • Removable • Optical • CD-ROM • CD-Recordable (CD-R) • CD-R/W • DVD • Magnetic Tape

  27. Magnetic Disk • Disk substrate coated with magnetizable material (iron oxide…rust) • Substrate used to be aluminium • Now glass • Improved surface uniformity • Increases reliability • Reduction in surface defects • Reduced read/write errors • Lower flight heights (See later) • Better stiffness • Better shock/damage resistance

  28. Inductive Write MR Read

  29. Data Organization and Formatting • Concentric rings or tracks • Gaps between tracks • Reduce gap to increase capacity • Same number of bits per track (variable packing density) • Constant angular velocity • Tracks divided into sectors • Minimum block size is one sector • May have more than one sector per block

  30. Disk Data Layout

  31. Disk Layout Methods Diagram

  32. Finding Sectors • Must be able to identify start of track and sector • Format disk • Additional information not available to user • Marks tracks and sectors

  33. Winchester Disk FormatSeagate ST506

  34. Fixed/Movable Head Disk • Fixed head • One read write head per track • Heads mounted on fixed ridged arm • Movable head • One read write head per side • Mounted on a movable arm

  35. Removable or Not • Removable disk • Can be removed from drive and replaced with another disk • Provides unlimited storage capacity • Easy data transfer between systems • Nonremovable disk • Permanently mounted in the drive

  36. Multiple Platter • One head per side • Heads are joined and aligned • Aligned tracks on each platter form cylinders • Data is striped by cylinder • reduces head movement • Increases speed (transfer rate)

  37. Multiple Platters

  38. Tracks and Cylinders

  39. Floppy Disk • 8”, 5.25”, 3.5” • Small capacity • Up to 1.44Mbyte (2.88M never popular) • Slow • Universal • Cheap • Obsolete?

  40. Computer System Device Example • CPU • Intel : Pentium IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad • AMD : Sempron, Athlon, Phenom • Memory • ROM (Nonvolatile) • RAM (Volatile) : SDRAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3 • System Interconnections • PCI, MiniPCI • AGP (Graphics) • PCI Express • I/O Module • VGA Adapter • NIC Adapter (LAN Card) • USB • RS-232 (Serial Communication) • I/O Devices • Hard Disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM • Flash Disk • Monitor • Keyboard • Mouse • Loud Speaker, Microphone • Bluetooth • Printer • Scanner

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