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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. What Is Human Geography?. The study of How people make places How we organize space and society How we interact with each other in places and across space How we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world. A set of processes that are

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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

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  1. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

  2. What Is Human Geography? The study of • How people make places • How we organize space and society • How we interact with each other in places and across space • How we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world

  3. A set of processes that are Increasing interactions Deepening relationships Heightening interdependence without regard to country borders A set of outcomes that are Unevenly distributed Varying across scales Differently manifested throughout the world Globalization Impact of individual, regional, national scales on processes and outcomes of globalization

  4. What Are Geographic Questions? • The spatial arrangement of places and phenomena (human and physical) • How are things organized on Earth? • How do they appear on the landscape? • Where? Why? So what? • No place “untouched by human hands” or activity • Human organization of communities, nations, networks • Establishment of political, economic, religious, cultural systems

  5. Spatial Distribution • Spatial distribution and pattern • Processes that create and sustain a distribution Map of Cholera Victims in London’s Soho District in 1854 Patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations key to the source of the disease

  6. Five Themes of Geography • Location • Human-environment interaction • Region • Place • Movement

  7. Place Sense of place: Infusing a place with meaning and emotion Perception of place: Belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, stories, or pictures

  8. Perception of Place Where Pennsylvanian students prefer to live Where Californian students prefer to live

  9. Movement Spatial interaction: The interconnectedness between places, depending upon • Distance • Accessibility • Connectivity Elizabeth J. Leppman

  10. Cultural Landscape The visible human imprint, the material character of a place Religion and cremation practices spread with Hindu migrants from India to Kenya

  11. Sequent Occupance Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape reflecting years of differing human activity Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: African, Arab, German, British, Indian “layers.” Apartments replaced earlier single- family houses Apartments in Mumbai, India

  12. Why Do Geographers Use Maps, and What Do Maps Tell Us? Types of maps • Reference maps • Locations of places and geographic features • Absolute locations • Thematic maps • Degree of an attribute • Pattern of distribution • Movement • Relative locations

  13. Reference Map

  14. Thematic Map

  15. Location • Absolute location • Precise location using a coordinate system • Latitude and longitude most common • Measured by geographic positioning systems (GPS) • Relative location • Location in relation to something else • Changes over time with changing circumstances

  16. Mental Maps Maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have heard of Activity Spaces The places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity

  17. Remote Sensing and GIS Satellite image Photograph Hurricane Katrina, 2005: Area of impact and destruction

  18. Geographic Information System (GIS) Computer hardware and software that permit storage and analysis of layers of spatial data

  19. Why Are Geographers Concerned with Scale and Connectedness? • Scale: Territorial extent of something • Varying scales of observations • Local • Regional • National • Global

  20. Scale

  21. The Power of Scale • Influence of processes operating at different scales • Context of a phenomenon in what is happening at different scales • Political use of scale to change who is involved or how an issue is perceived

  22. Regions Formal region: Defined by a common characteristic, whether physical or cultural, present throughout e.g., German-speaking region of Europe Functional region: Defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or interactions e.g., an urban area, city and suburbs

  23. Regions Perceptual Region: Ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness”

  24. Culture • The whole tangible lifestyle of peoples, but also their prevailing values and beliefs • Cultural trait: A single attribute of a culture • Cultural complex: A combination of traits • Cultural hearth: Area where a culture began and from which it spreads • Independent invention: A culture trait that began in several places

  25. Diffusion or Cultural Diffusion • The process of the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other areas • Factors that slow or prevent diffusion • Time-distance decay – the declining level in acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time & distance from its point of origin • Cultural barriers – Prevailing (existing) cultural attitude rendering certain ideas unnacceptable or unadoptable in that culture

  26. Types of Diffusion • Expansion diffusion: Idea or innovation spreading outward from the hearth • Contagious: Spreads to next available person – by contact from person to person • Hierarchical: Spreads to most linked people or places first • Stimulus: Promotes local experiment or change – a cultural adaptation is created

  27. Contagious Diffusion

  28. Contagious Diffusion

  29. Hierarchical Diffusion

  30. Stimulus Diffusion

  31. Stimulus Diffusion

  32. Stimulus Diffusion

  33. Types of Diffusion Paris, France • Relocation diffusion: Movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovation with them to a new, perhaps distant locale Kenya : H .J. de Blij : A. B. Murphy

  34. Types of Diffusion • Relocation diffusion: Movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovation with them to a new, perhaps distant locale Kenya : H .J. de Blij : A. B. Murphy

  35. What Are Geographic Concepts, and How Are They Used in Answering Geographic Questions? • Ways of seeing the world spatially that geographers use in answering research questions • Old approaches to human-environment questions • Environmental determinism (has been rejected by almost all geographers) • Possibilism (less accepted today) • New approaches to human-environment questions • Cultural ecology • Political ecology

  36. Review Questions • What is human geography? • Define Globalization. • What are three Geographic questions? • What is spatial distribution? • What are five themes of Geography? • What is movement? • What is cultural landscape? • What is sequent occupance?

  37. Review Questions (continued) 9. What are two types of maps that geographers use? 10. What are two types of location? 11. What are mental maps? 12. What are activity spaces? 13. What are two types of regions? 14. What is culture? 15.What is cultural diffusion? 16. What are some types of diffusion?

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