Ukrainian culture as spiritual phenomena .

1. Ukrainian culture as spiritual phenomena.

2. Germanic Kingdoms • Germanic people began moving into Rome in the 3rd century • Visigoths occupied Spain & Italy until the Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the 5th century • By 500 Western Roman empire had became # of states ruled by German kings • Germanic Angles & Saxons = Anglo-Saxons moved into Britain in 5th century • Clovis-Christian convert, established Frankish kingdom -500

4. Germanic Kingdoms • Clovis converted to Christianity after calling for Jesus help during battle – the enemy fled after the plea • Clovis gained support of the Roman Catholic Church • By 510, Clovis established Frankish kingdom from Pyrenees to present day Germany • After Clovis death, his sons divided the kingdom • Germans & Romans intermarried = German customs had an important role • Extended family was center of society

5. Clovis

6. Germanic Kingdoms • Extended families in German society worked together & defended each other during violent times • Germanic law was personal, one injuring another led to a savage blood feuds • Wergild (money for a man) system was developed to avoid bloodshed after crimes such as murder/ wrongdoer paid the injured party’s family a set amount of money which varied by social status

7. Role of the Church • Christianity became main religion of Roman empire by 4th century • Roman church developed a system of organization • Priests was head of parishes – local communities • Bishop was head of diocese - a group of parishes or bishopric • Archbishop – head of groups of diocese • Bishop of Rome became known as Pope – the head of what is now known as the Roman Catholic Church

9. Pope Patriarch Archdiocese/Archbishop Bishop/Diocese Gregory I Priest/Parish

10. Roman Catholic Church • Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven • Peter was considered to be the chief apostle & the first bishop of Rome • Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes = Latin word for “papa” – father • Western Christians accepted the pope as the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powers • Gregory I strengthened power by taking political control of Rome & surrounding territories

11. Gregory I

12. Role of Church • Gregory – pope from 590-604, extended papal authority over the Western Church & actively converted non-Christians • Monk = man who separates himself from the rest of the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is the practice of living like a monk • Saint Benedict founded an order of Monks & wrote rules for their practice • Benedict’s rules divided the day into activities; emphasizing prayer & physical labor to keep monks busy

13. Role of Church • Monks meditated & read privately/ They prayed together seven times a day • All aspects of Benedict life was communal • Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery • Monks were to obey the Abbot/ took a vowel of poverty/monks dedication made then new heroes of Christian civilization/ were social workers in communities • Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionaries

14. Role of Church • Nuns = women who withdrew from the world to dedicate themselves to God • Nuns lived in convents headed abbesses • Abess Hilda founded a monastery in Whitby in 657 where she educated five future bishops

15. St. Benedict

16. Roles

18. Nuns Monks

19. Charlemagne • 600 & 700’s, Frankish kings lost their power to the chief officers of the king’s household = mayor’s of the palace • Pepin assumed the kingship • Pepin’s son became king after his death in 768 = son was Charles the Great – Charlemagne • Charlemagne = one of history’s great kings/ curious, driven, intelligent, strong warrior, devout Christian/ was illiterate, but strongly supported learning • Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish kingdom into Carolingian empire = covered much of western & central Europe

22. Charlemagne • Charlemagne established missi dominci (messengers of the lord king) two men who were sent to make for sure the kings wishes were followed • 800, he was crowned emperor of the Romans/ the coronation symbolized the coming together of the Roman, Christian, & Germanic elements that forged European civilization • Carolingian Renaissance was promoted by Charlemagne desire to promote learning • Benedictine monks played important role in revival of learning

23. Early Weapons of Mass Destruction

24. Fall of Carolingian empire • Charlemagne died in 814/ by 844 Carolingian empire divided into 3 kingdoms by grandsons • Muslims invaded southern France • Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary • Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) attacked the empire • Vikings were superb warriors & shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inland • 9th century, Vikings settled in Europe • 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy

27. Feudalism • Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the people due to decentralized government • People began to turn landed aristocrats or nobles for protection/ led to feudalism • Feudalism arose between 800-900/ similar system in Japan- Samurai • Vassalage = center of feudalism/ came from Germanic society where warriors swore oath to their leader • Vassal = man who served a lord militarily

28. Feudalism: Military Service for Land

29. Feudalism • Knights = heavily armored warriors • Male = armor made of metal links or plates • Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in mail • Heavily armored knights dominated warfare for over 500 years • Knights had great prestige & formed much of European aristocracy • Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was based on owning land/very little trade • Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in exchange for fighting = fief

30. Feudalism • Vassals had political authority in their fief/in charge of keeping order • Feudalism became complicated = kings had vassals who had vassals • Feudal contract = unwritten rules that characterized feudalism/relationship between king & vassal/knights for about 40-60 days a year • Vassals were to advise the lord, financial obligations to the lord, knighting of his eldest son, • Lord supported the vassal with land grant & protection in military & court

31. Vassals: Military service for 40-60 days. Homage. Serve on the lord’s court. Gifts for weddings and knighthoods. Ransom. Lords: Protection. Justice. Wardship – oversee personal affairs and family if vassal dies in service. Feudal Obligations

32. Page, Squire, Knight

33. Joust

34. Feudalism • Castles = permanent residences & fortresses/#’s increased in high middle ages(1000-1300) • Middle Ages = nobles dominated European society/ main concern was warfare • Nobles = kings, dukes, counts, barons, bishops, archbishops • Knighthood = united lords & knights in aristocracy • Knights = trained as warriors/ no adult responsibility • Young knights held tournaments to show their skills/ joust became main attraction

37. Feudalism • 11th & 12th century, under influence of Church- chivalry became important to knights • Chivalry = civilized behavior, knights were to defend the church & defenseless people, treat captives as honored guests, fight for glory not rewards • Women could own property, but were under control of men/ first their fathers, then their husbands • Lady of the castle in charge of household & estate • Eleanor of Aquitane = married to king Louis VII of France & Henry II of England/ 2 children became kings of England

38. Eleanor

41. Alfred the Great Unified The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

42. England • King Alfred the Great united the various kingdoms of England that had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings • Angles, Saxons, Germanic people were united

43. Norman Conquest • 10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King Harold of England at the battle of Hastings • William was then crowned King of England • Norman knights received land as a fief and swore allegiance to the king • Marriage of French & Anglo-Saxons led to a new English culture • Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions = office of sheriff, census called Domesday Book • William further developed taxation & royal courts

44. William I, the Conqueror Brought Norman Feudalism To England

46. Henry II • Henry II enlarged English monarchy • Expanded the power of the royal courts & king’s power/increased # of criminal cases tried on the king’s court • Common law replaced law codes across the kingdom • Tried to control Church but failed • Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said only Roman Catholic Church could try clergy • Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was outraged & backed down

48. Magna Carta • English nobles resented the growth of the king’s power/ rebellion was raised against King John • 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta • Magna Carta = feudal document, written recognition that the power of the king was limited • 13th century, under Edward I = English parliament emerged • Parliament = 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town, and all the bishops & nobles throughout England

49. John Was Forced To Sign the Magna Carta in 1215

50. English Parliament • Eventually 2 houses were formed • Nobles & church lords formed = House of the Lords • Knights & townspeoples = House of Commons • Parliaments granted taxes & passed laws