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FYS 4250 REPETITION PART 1

Explore various methods of measuring blood parameters like flow, pressure, and oxygen concentration. Learn about sensors, electrodes, amplifiers, and non-invasive techniques in biomedical engineering. Enhance your knowledge with advanced bioengineering concepts.

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FYS 4250 REPETITION PART 1

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  1. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet FYS 4250 REPETITION PART 1 ....and slicky tricks to prepare you for the exam...

  2. What is a typical question? For example: Mention some different methods for measuring blood pressure, explain the different advantages, disadvantages and eventual risks associated with each method Blood flow is another interesting parameter. Describe how it is possible to measure the blood flow both invasive and non-invasively and explain the advantages, disadvantages for each method. What would be the proper requirements for an amplifier in such a measurement system? Do you know any non-invasive methods of measuring the oxygen concentration in the blood? Give a brief description of the manner of operation, sources of error and advantages/disadvantages Give a short explanation of the function of the human heart. How is it possible to detect patology in the heart function without entering the body?

  3. What is a sensor? Image: Grimnes, Høgetveit.Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. ”A sensor is a mediator able to convert one or more measurands or physical variables into an equivalent signal variable of another type of quantity within a frame of a given unity” Pallàs-Areny, Webster, Sensors 2001

  4. More definitions.... Image: Grimnes-Høgetveit.Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts. • Sensor system: ”comprises the total signal path from the measurand to the observer and includes all sensing, conditioning and real-time processing elements in the path” • Electrode: ” An electrode is an electrochemical cell converting charge carriers from ions to electrons or vice versa. An electrode is only a half-sensor in the way that two electrodes are necessary in order to apply a current or read a potential difference in living tissue” • Probe: A ”probe is a broader concept than a sensor. A probe is often comprising multiparameter sensors (e.g. temperature) and may be held by the operator and be equipped with switches and level adjustment facilities. Example: Ultrasound probe” Source: Grimnes-Høgetveit.Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts.

  5. Pressure transducerand Wheatstone bridge Image: Grimnes-Høgetveit.Biomedical Engineering Education & Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts.

  6. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Piezoelectric transducer C=εA/x

  7. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Photomultipliers

  8. FYS 4250 Chapter 4 The origin of biopotentials

  9. Membrane potential • Nernst equation for potassium K (Nor - Kalium): across a cell membrane with active channels pumping K ions into the cell.

  10. Dipolesin theaxon

  11. Neural velocity

  12. The heart

  13. Atrioventricular-block

  14. Ectopic beat

  15. Tachycardiaflutter= increased regular frequency

  16. flimmer (norsk) =fibrillation (eng) == uregelmessig rytme

  17. Ischemia

  18. FYS 4250 Kap.5 Biopotential electrodes

  19. Metal / electrolyte = electron / ion transitions

  20. Ag / AgCl Non-polarizable electrode

  21. Electrode polarization +skin + deeper layer

  22. Stimulation electrodes

  23. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet FYS 4250 Kap.6 Biopotential amplifiers

  24. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Einthoven triangle

  25. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Wilson central terminal

  26. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Augmented leads

  27. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet ”Driven right leg”

  28. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Biopotentail amplifiers

  29. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet

  30. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet FYS 4250 Kap.7 Blood Pressure and Sound

  31. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet The circulatory system

  32. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Typical blood pressures

  33. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Invasive blood pressure measurement

  34. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Harmonic analysis, Fourier

  35. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Heart sounds

  36. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Stethoscopes, spektrogram

  37. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Non-invasive blood pressure

  38. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Ultrasound measurement

  39. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Bloodpressure, oscillometric

  40. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Non-contact tonometry

  41. FYS 4250 Kap.8 Measurement of Flow and Volume of blood

  42. Indicator-dilution method

  43. Elektromagnetic flowmeter

  44. Electromagnetic flowmeter waveforms

  45. Quadrature-suppression flowm.

  46. Plethysmography

  47. Plethysmography curve

  48. FYS 4250 Chapter 9 Gas Instrumentation

  49. Figure 1 Airways with larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoles

  50. Figure 2 Lung volume parameters Equation 1 Compliance C = ΔV / ΔP [L/Pa, L/cmH2O]

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