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Ancient Greece & The Roman Empire

Ancient Greece & The Roman Empire. Founding of Ancient Greece. 2000 B.C. Settled by the Hellenes Land was not easily settled (Mountainous) Separated themselves into independent city-states City-State: Sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with dependencies

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Ancient Greece & The Roman Empire

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  1. Ancient Greece & The Roman Empire

  2. Founding of Ancient Greece • 2000 B.C. Settled by the Hellenes • Land was not easily settled (Mountainous) • Separated themselves into independent city-states • City-State: Sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with dependencies • Never united as one nation, BUT shared similar ideas • RELIGION-polytheism

  3. Worship of the Gods/Goddesses • Polytheistic Culture • THE BIG SIX • Zeus: king of the gods, the god of sky and weather, law, order and fate • Hera: defender of marriage and monogamy • Apollo: Sun god and supporter of the arts • Athena: goddess of reason, intelligent activity, arts and literature. • Ares: the god of war • Aphrodite: goddess of love and beauty

  4. Athens • Largest and most powerful Greek city-state • Group of citizens (adult/MALE) elected three nobles to run the city-state every year • 600 BC economic problems • Farmers gave their crops to pay debts • Then they sold themselves into slavery • New leader steps forward to solve the economic crisis

  5. Reforms of Solon • Passed law outlawing slavery based on debtand canceled farmers debts • Avoided a revolution/civil war • Class System: 4 categories based on wealth, not heredity • All free adult MALES were considered citizens • 3 highest classes could hold public office • Lowest class could vote in assembly • Created council of 400 • Started the legal idea of a “civil suit”

  6. Cleisthenes • Founder of democracy in Athens • Increased power of Assembly • Citizens could submit laws for debate/passage • Created council of 500 • Proposed laws and counseled Assembly • Members of council were chosen at random • 1/5 of population were considered “citizens” • Athenian law denied citizenship to • Women, Slaves, and Foreign residents

  7. PERSIAN WAR

  8. Persian Wars • Greece is invaded by Persians • Led by King Xerxes “The Great King” • Defeated the Spartans • Battle of the 300 • Planned to end the struggle by capturing island of Salamis • Master ship-handling allowed Greeks to win • Battle of Plataea • Guaranteed Greek independence

  9. Why wasn’t Greece easily settled by the Hellenes? • Large Rivers • Desert Climate • Mountainous • None of the above

  10. In terms of religion, Ancient Greece is considered to be a monotheistic culture? • True • False

  11. Which of the following was the largest and most powerful city-state in Greece? • Persia • Sparta • Athens • Olympia

  12. Which of the following refers to the leader of the Persian army during the Persian Wars? • Cyrus • Xerxes • Leonidas • Both A & C

  13. Pericles • Led Athens during the Persian War • Leader for 32 years • Strengthened democracy • Paid public officials • Paid jury members • Greater citizen participation • Became a DIRECT DEMOCRACY- citizens rule and make laws directly rather than through representatives

  14. Sparta • Developed into a military centered city-state • Emphasis solely on military & rejection of luxuries • Ruled over slave population (HELOTS) • 20X more Helots than Spartan “citizens” • Spartans maintained powerful army to reduce chance of rebellion • The MOST powerful army in Greece

  15. Spartan Military • Life centered around physical conditioning • Weak/Deformed babies were taken away from parents and left to die • Boys removed from home @ age 7 • Basic army training until age 20 • Age 20-60 • Active duty in the Spartan military • Allowed to marry @ age 30 • Women • Received vigorous physical training • Aided in producing healthy children for the state

  16. Government • 2 Kings • 5 Elders • Complete authority • Totalitarianism: All leaders were supported by military

  17. Sparta developed itself into a military centered city-state? • True • False

  18. The __________________ refers to the slave population that the Spartans controlled? • Hellenes • Hykos • Hellots • Both A & C

  19. Greek Philosophy • Used logic and reason to investigate nature of universe, human society, and morality • Based philosophy on two assumptions • Universe is put together in a orderly way and is subject to absolute and unchanging laws • People can understand these laws through logic and reason • The BIG Three • Socrates: question and answer (examine your thoughts) • Plato: • Socrates Student • Society not governed by rich/powerful, but by the wisest • Aristotle: • Plato’s student • Examined human belief, though, and knowledge

  20. Contributions of Ancient Greece • 1st Direct Democracy • 3 branches of government • Legislative- pass laws • Executive- carry out laws • Judicial- settle disputes • Philosophy- • Olympic Games • Theatre • Literature • Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey • Architecture- Parthenon

  21. Founding of Rome • Romulus and Remus • Sent down the Tiber River by mother • Found by a mother wolf and cared for • Discovered by a famer and raised to adulthood • Founded the Roman empire

  22. Founding of Rome • Greece was on decline • Latins (Romans) battled with Greeks and Etruscans for control of Italian peninsula • Romans won • 509 B.C. Roman aristocrats overthrew the king • Lucius Junius Brutus- 1st leader of Rome • Established a REPUBLIC: power rests with citizens who have the right to elect leaders who make government decisions • Citizenship/Voting- MEN only!!!

  23. Conquest • Roman Legion • basic unit of Roman army • 5,000 soldiers • If they won they were rewarded • If they lost or retreated- 1 out of 10 soldiers was put to death • Extended empire all throughout Europe, Mediterranean region, and North Africa

  24. Roman Empire Map

  25. Spread of an Empire • Brought conquered people into its system • Tried to create legal code that could be applied in all areas of its empire • Laws should be reasonable and should protect citizens and their property • Applied to all citizens • Important principles of Roman Law: • All citizens have right to equal treatment • Innocent until proven guilty • Burden of proof lies with accuser • Laws that are unreasonable could be set aside

  26. Julius Caesar • Gained control of Republican forces when Pompey(leader) was assassinated • Decided that republican government was inadequate in governing a large area with many people • 45 B.C. Julius Caesar became dictator-Republic ended • Most famous Roman ever! • Lost 2 battles in 9 years • Conquered France • Assassinated by members of the Senate • Brutus (Best friend) and Cassius • 56 years old

  27. 2 Groups Competing For Power • Patrician: aristocratic landowners • Most power • Claimed ancestry gave authority to make laws for Rome • Plebian: farmers, merchants, artisans • Could vote • Could not hold important gov. positions

  28. Which of the following philosophers said that government should be ran by the wisest, not the rich and powerful? • Socrates • Hera • Plato • Johannes Gutenburg

  29. Which of the following is an example of a contribution made by the Greeks? • Theatre • Olympic Games • Government • All of the above

  30. Julius Caesar ended the Republic in Rome and became the most famous Roman ever? • True • False

  31. 12 Tables • Patricians interpreted laws to benefit themselves • 451 B.C.- 10 officials began writing Rome’s laws • Laws were written on 12 tablets and publicly displayed • Victory for plebians • Established idea that all FREE citizens had the right to protect the laws, and that the laws would be administered fairly

  32. Roman Government • Gov. with separate branches • 2 officials (consuls) commanded army & directed gov. • 1 year term • Legislative Branch (SENATE) • Controlled foreign/financial policies & advised consuls • Crisis • If needed, republic could impose a dictator • 6 month term (if needed)

  33. Roman Life • Influx of slaves caused mass unemployment • People moved to cities • Needed support from government • Keeping the Peace: • Theatres- plays • Colosseum- gladiator fights • Chariot races • Baths- city pool

  34. Fall of Rome • Marcus Aurelius was emperor • Economic • More territory = more taxes • Wiped out middle class • Trade/business suffered • Slavery = unemployment • Political • Rival factions in army fought for control • 50 years- 26 emperors ruled (25 murdered) • Instability made them vulnerable to attacks

  35. Which of the following refers to the first publicly written and displayed laws in the Roman Empire? • 10 Commandments • Caesar’s Code • 12 Tables • None of the above

  36. Marcus Aurelius was the emperor of Rome when it began to fall? • True • False

  37. Fall of Rome • Social • Crime • Lack of interest in government • Moral decay • Military • Citizens ignored duty to serve • Barbarians were recruited into army • Undisciplined and ineffective • Takeover by Germanic Visigoth tribe in 476

  38. Rome’s Legacy • Engineering • Aqueducts- canals that brought water from the hills to cities • Colosseum, cranes, conctrete. Glass blowing, roads • Government • Republic • Organized Military • Language- Latin • Legal System • Universal legal code • Senate • Courts: judges, juries, lawyers

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