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History 311

History 311. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Part II. Matter and Form Potentiality and Actuality Actuality is the fulfillment of the end of the potentiality Five Elements Earth, Air, Fire, Water, Aether Fire – Hot & Dry Earth – Cold & Dry Air – Hot & Wet Water – Cold & Wet

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History 311

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  1. History 311 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Part II

  2. Matter and Form Potentiality and Actuality Actuality is the fulfillment of the end of the potentiality Five Elements Earth, Air, Fire, Water, Aether Fire – Hot & Dry Earth – Cold & Dry Air – Hot & Wet Water – Cold & Wet Aether – Divine Substance Plato and Aristotle

  3. Teleological View of World As Great Chain of Being GOD MAN Nature Essentially Qualitative

  4. Ptolemy 16th Century Illustration of Ptolemy (2nd century) Using Quadrant to Measure Angle Of Star Altitude Uranius, Muse of Astronomy, in Background

  5. Sub-Lunary Sphere

  6. Zodiacal Man Parts of the Body Over Which the Specific Signs Have Particular Powers

  7. Humoral Theory • Influence of Galen and Arabs • Basic Humors • Blood (hot) , Phlegm (cold), Yellow Bile (dry), Black Bile (wet) • Material Substances • Earth, Air, Fire, Water

  8. Theory of Temperament Pessimistic Wet, Black Bile Choleric Dry, Yellow Bile Sanguine, Hot, Dry Blood Plegmatic, Cold, Wet phlegm

  9. System of Epicycles

  10. Epicycle with Higher Complexity

  11. Heliocentric Worldview Copernicus 1473-1543

  12. Plurality of Worlds Infinite Universe Rotation of the Earth Infinite Universe of Four Elements Burned at Stake in 1600 Giordano Bruno 1548-1600

  13. Uraniborg Observatory in Denmark Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 Supernova of 1572

  14. Great Comet of 1577 Brahe’s Notebook on Comet

  15. Tychonian System of Planetary Motion

  16. Astronomer and Astrologer Emphasis on Mathematics Accepts Heliocentric View Elliptical Obits Laws of Planetary Motion Rejects Copernican View of Perfect Orbits Johannes Kepler 1571-1630

  17. Kepler’s Three Mathematical Laws of Planetary Motion The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci. Thus, Kepler rejected the ancient Aristotelean, Ptolemaic,and Copernican belief in circular motion. A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time as the planet travels along its orbit. This means that the planet travels faster while close to the sun and slows down when it is farther from the sun. With his law, Kepler destroyed the Aristotelean astronomical theory that planets have uniform velocity. The squares of the orbital periods of planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes (the "half-length" of the ellipse) of their orbits. This means not only that larger orbits have longer periods, but also that the speed of a planet in a larger orbit is lower than in a smaller orbit.

  18. Gilbert’s terrella Work on Magnets William Gilbert 1544-1603

  19. Starry Messenger , 1610 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632 Galileo Galilei 1564 - 1642

  20. Galileo’s Sketch of the Phases of the Moon

  21. 1857 Painting by Christiano Banti of Galileo Before the Roman Inquisition Actual Trial in 1633

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