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RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION . 1865 TO 1877. MANY HEROES DURING THE WAR. CHAMBERLAIN LEE GRANT SHERMAN LONGSTREET. FEW HEROES DURING RECONSTRUCTION. THERE IS OFTEN A MORAL LET DOWN AFTER WAR. THIS WILL BE A PERIOD OF MUCH POLITICAL CORRUPTION. THE PROBLEMS OF RECONSTRUCTION.

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RECONSTRUCTION

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  1. RECONSTRUCTION 1865 TO 1877

  2. MANY HEROES DURING THE WAR • CHAMBERLAIN • LEE • GRANT • SHERMAN • LONGSTREET

  3. FEW HEROES DURING RECONSTRUCTION. • THERE IS OFTEN A MORAL LET DOWN AFTER WAR. • THIS WILL BE A PERIOD OF MUCH POLITICAL CORRUPTION.

  4. THE PROBLEMS OF RECONSTRUCTION • THE STATUS OF THE FORMER CONFEDERATE STATES. • THE TERMS OF READMISSION TO THE UNION. • FREEDMAN’S RIGHTS. HOW WILL FORMER SLAVES BE INTERGRATED INTO SOCIETY.

  5. RE-ADJUSTING THE ECONOMY • CONVERTING THE NORTHERN ECONOMY FROM WAR TO PEACE. • 800,000 UNION VETERAN RETURN. • WAR FACTORIES CLOSE RAISING UNEMPLOYMENT

  6. RE-BUILDING THE SOUTH • SOUTHERN ECONOMY HAS BEEN DESTROYED. MOST CITIES IN RUINS. SHORTAGE OF FOOD. • WHITES OWN LAND BUT HAVE NO MONEY • NEED A NEW LABOR SYSTEM. • SLAVES HAVE LABOR BUT NO LAND.

  7. MORE… • SOUTHERN SLAVE OWNERS LOST A BILLION DOLLARS WORTH OF PROPERTY. • CONFEDERATE MONEY IS WORTHLESS. • CONFEDERATE BONDS DEFAULT.

  8. ESTABLISHING A NEW POLITICAL BALANCE. • WHO CAN VOTE? • WHAT HAPPENS TO FORMER CONFEDERATE LEADERS? • ARE THE FREEDMEN TO BE COUNTED AS WHOLE MEN?

  9. DEALING WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. • IT BOOMED DURING THE WAR. • NEW FACTORY SYSTEM • NEW AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES. • NEW INVENTIONS. • TRANS-CONTINENTAL RAILROAD AUTHORIZED.

  10. THE FREEDMEN’S PROBLEMS • 13TH AMENDMENT RATIFIED IN DEC. 1865 • ENDS SLAVERY IN AMERICA • FREEDMAN’S BUREAU ESTABLISHED TO AID FORMER SLAVES. • BUT WHAT IS THE LEGAL STATUS OF FREEDMEN?

  11. PRELIMINARY STEPS • LINCOLN’S VIEW: RECONSTRUCTION IS UP TO THE PRESIDENT AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. • THERE IS NO RIGHT TO SECEDE THEREFORE THE SOUTH NEVER LEFT THE UNION. WE MUST FORGIVE AND FORGET.

  12. LINCOLN’S 10 PERCENT PLAN Dec. 1863 • WHEN 10% OF THOSE WHO VOTED IN 1860 TAKE AN OATH OF ALLEGIANCE. • SOUTHERN STATES ABOLISH SLAVERY • THEY CAN ORGANIZE NEW GOVERNMENT & RETURN TO CONGRESS.

  13. MORE… • BY SPRING 1864 LOUISANA & ARKANSAW HAVE MET TERMS & REJOINED THE UNION. • RADICAL REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS DENOUNCE LINCOLN’S PLAN AS TOO GENTLE.

  14. Helping the South

  15. CONGRESS PASSES WADE-DAVIS BILL 1864 • REQUIRES A MAJORITY TAKE OATH • MUST TAKE “IRON CLAD OATH” • REPUDIATE CONFEDERATE DEBT • ABOLISH SLAVERY • REPUDIATE RIGHT OF SECCESSION. • LINCOLN “POCKET” VETOES THE BILL.

  16. LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED APRIL 14, 1865. • ANDREW JOHNSONBECOMES PRESIDENT • FROM TENN. A FORMER DEMOCRAT. • LINCOLN ADDED HIM TO TICKET IN 1864 TO BROADEN VOTER BASE. • JOHNSON IS A SOUTHERN DEMOCRAT AT HEART.

  17. JOHNSON’S BACKGROUND • WAS AN ILLITERATE TAYLOR UNITL AGE 20 • JACKSONIAN STYLE DEMOCRAT • OPPOSED SECESSION • BELIEVES BLACKS ARE INFERIOR • LACKS POLITICAL SKILLS

  18. PRESIDENT JOHNSON DENOUNCES SECESSION. • PUTS PRICE ON JEFF DAVIS’S HEAD. • RADICAL REPUBLICANS ARE PLEASED. • “TREASON MUST BE MADE INFAMOUS”- JOHNSON.

  19. MAY, JOHNSON ANNOUNCES HIS PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION • SOUTH MUST DENOUNCE SECESSION • REPUDIATE DEBT • RATIFY THE 13TH AMENDMENT • WHEN 10% TAKE OATH THEY CAN HOLD ELECTIONS & RETURN TO CONGRESS.

  20. BY NOV. 1865 ALL SOUTHERN STATES MEET JOHNSON’S TERMS • EXCEPT TEXAS • SOME REFUSE TO REPUDIATE SECESSION • SO. CAROLINA REFUSES TO REPUDIATE DEBT. • MISSISSIPPI REFUSES TO RATIFY 13TH AMENDMENT.

  21. JOHNSON PRONOUNCED THEM RECONSTRUCTED • THEY HOLD ELECTIONS & ELECT SAME LEADERS WHO HAD SECEDED IN 1860-61. • A BIG MISTAKE!!! • RADICAL REPUBLICANS ARE OUTRAGED. • RADICALS GAIN A 2/3RDS MAJORITY IN CONGRESS.

  22. SOUTHERN STATE LEGISLATURES ACT • PASS “BLACK” CODES TO FORCE FREEDMEN TO WORK • IT IS A CRIME TO BE UNEMPLOYED • PUNISHMENT ONE YEAR OF LABOR

  23. CONGRESS REFUSES TO SEAT SOUTHERN REPRESENTATIVES. • SENT SOUTHERN REPS HOME. • DECLARE THAT ONLY CONGRESS CAN SET THE TERMS OF RECONSTRUCTION

  24. CONGRESSIONAL THEORY “STATE SUICIDE” • ATTEMPT TO SECEDE REDUCED SOUTHERN STATES TO TERRITORIES. • CONGRESS DECIDES WHEN TERRITORIES BECOME STATES. • RECONSTRUCTION MUST BE CONTROLLED BY CONGRESS. • PRESIDENT HAS NO RIGHTS IN THE MATTER.

  25. THADDEUS STEVENS LEADER OF THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS. • FORMS THE “JOINT COMMITTEE ON RECONSTRUCTION” • SOUTHERN “BLACK CODES” DESIGNED TO FORCE FREEDMEN TO WORK. • SHOWS THE SOUTH UNCHANGED BY THE WAR. • SOUTH MUST BE PUNISHED.

  26. CONGRESSIONAL PLAN 1866 • 10% OATH • BANS FORMER CONFEDERATES FROM VOTING OR HOLDING OFFICE • STATES MUST RATIFY THE 14TH AMENDMENT • REJECT SECESSION & CONFEDERATE DEBT

  27. CONGRESS EXTENDS FREEDMAN’S BUREAU • JOHNSON VETOES THE ACT • CONGRESS OVERRIDES • THE BATTLE BETWEEN CONGRESS & JOHNSON BEGINS

  28. THE 14TH AMENDMENT • THADDEUS STEVEN (SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE) A RADICAL REPUBLICAN • WRITES THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866 • AIM TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF FREEDMEN • “ALL PERSONS BORN IN US ARE CITIZENS…”

  29. MORE… • ACT BARS FORMER CONFEDERATE LEADERS FROM HOLDING OFFICE UNLESS PARDONED BY CONGRESS • JOHNSON VETOES CONGRESS OVERRIDES • STEVENS FEARS THE SUPREME COURT MAY STRIKE DOWN THE LAW • PROPOSES THE 14TH AMENDMENT.

  30. THE 14TH AMENDMENT • DEFINES CITIZENSHIP • MAKE FEDERAL CITIZENSHIP PRIMARY • PROVIDES EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW • PROVIDES DUE PROCESS OF THE LAW • PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF CITIZENS

  31. MORE… • FORMER SLAVE OWNERS CANNOT BE PAID FOR THEIR SLAVES • STATE INTERFERENCE WITH BLACK RIGHTS WILL LOSE SEATS IN THE HOUSE OF REPS.

  32. PRESIDENT JOHNSON CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE 14TH AMENDMENT • THE SWING AROUND THE CIRCLE • TRIP IS COUNTER PRODUCTIVE • RADICAL REPUBLICANS WIN A 2/3RD MAJORITY IN 1866 ELECTION • CONGRESS PASSES 14TH AMENDMENT IN 1866, RATIFIED IN 1868

  33. THE 15TH AMENDMENT • RADICALS BELIEVE VOTING RIGHTS FOR FREEDMAN WILL PROTECT THEM • ALSO PROVIDE VOTES FOR THE REPUBLICAN PARTY • “NO CITIZEN CAN BE DENIED THE RIGHT TO VOTE ON ACCOUNT OF RACE, COLOR, OR PREVIOUS CONDITION OF SERVITUDE” • GIVES BLACK MEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.

  34. THE IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON • RADICAL TAKE FULL CONTROL OF CONGRESS 1866 • PASS THE TENURE OF OFFICE ACT • PRESIDENT CAN NOT FIRE A CABINET MEMBER W/O SENATE APPROVAL • COMMAND OF THE ARMY ACT • PRESIDENT CAN NOT REMOVE GRANT W/O SENATE APPROVAL • JOHNSON VETOES BOTH BILL BUT CONGRESS OVERRIDES

  35. MORE… • CONGRESS PASSES RECONSTRUCTION ACT 1867 • JOHNSON VETOES • CONGRESS OVERRIDES • JOHNSON DECIDES TO CHALLENGE THE TENURE OF OFFICE ACT AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL • FIRES EDWIN STANTON, SEC. OF WAR

  36. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ACTS • VOTE IMPEACHMENT ARTICLES • CHARGES: • DISRESPECT FOR CONGRESS • VIOLATION OF THE TENURE OF OFFICE ACT • APPEARING DRUNK AT 1865 INAUGURATION

  37. THE TRIAL • THAD STEVENS IS PROSECUTOR • SENATE IS THE JURY • IF JOHNSON IS CONVICTED SENATOR BEN WADE BECOMES PRESIDENT • 36 VOTES NEEDED FOR CONVICTION (2/3RDS)

  38. EDMOND ROSS OF KANSAS • ALL VOTES ARE KNOWN BEFORE THE FORMAL VOTE • EXCEPT FOR ROSS • THE PRESSURE ON ROSS BY THE RADICAL • POSITION • MONEY • WOMEN

  39. PROSECUTION • DID A POOR JOB • THE PRESIDENT NEVER APPEARED • MOST ASSUMED THE PRESIDENT WOULD BE CONVICTED

  40. MAY 16, 1868 DECISION DAY

  41. WHAT HAPPENED TO EDMOND ROSS • VOTED OUT OF CONGRESS • RETURNED HOME • LOST HIS POSITION IN SOCIETY • “HERE LIES THE MAN WHO SAVED A PRESIDENT” • JOHN KENNEDY INCLUDED HIM PROFILES IN COURAGE

  42. CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRIAL • PRESIDENCY WAS WEAKENED • CONGRESS BECAME DOMINANT

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