If you are among the 1

2. If you are among the 1/3 of the world�s population who drink at least 1 cup of coffee a day, then you are directly linked to the 20 million people worldwide who produce coffee. 

4. A Brief History of Coffee(part one)

6. The Legend of the Coffee Bean Dates back more than a thousand years The first coffee plants are said to have come from the Horn of Africa on the shores of the Red Sea Originally coffee beans were taken as a food and not as a beverage East African tribes would grind the coffee cherries together, mixing the results into a paste with animal fat The mixture was said to give warriors much-needed energy for battle

11. The Legend of the Coffee Bean Two prominent legends emerged to explain the discovery of this magic bean A goat-herder noticed that his herd became friskier than usual after consuming the red cherries of a wild coffee shrub. Curious, he tasted the fruit himself. He was delighted by its invigorating effects, and was even spotted by a group of nearby monks dancing with his goats. Soon the monks began to boil the bean themselves and use the liquid to stay awake during all-night ceremonies.

13. The Legend of the Coffee Bean Muslim dervish who was condemned by his enemies to wander in the desert and eventually die of starvation. In his delirium, the young man heard a voice instructing him to eat the fruit from a nearby coffee tree. Confused, the dervish tried to soften the beans in water, and when this failed, he simply drank the liquid. Interpreting his survival and energy as a sign of God, he returned to his people, spreading the faith and the recipe

15. Cultivation & Trade Coffee began sometime in the fifteenth century, and for many centuries to follow, the Yemen province of Arabia was the world's primary source of coffee Although restrictions existed on exportation of the coffee plant from Yemen, Muslim pilgrims from across the globe during their pilgrimages to Mecca managed to smuggle coffee plants back to their homelands, and coffee crops soon took root in India Coffee also made its way into Europe around this time through the city of Venice, where fleets traded perfumes, teas, dyes and fabrics with Arabic merchants along the Spice Route

17. Cultivation & Trade By the middle of the 17th century the Dutch dominated the world's merchant shipping industry, and they introduced large-scale coffee cultivation to their colonies in Indonesia on the islands of Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Bali Coffee arrived in Latin America several decades later, when the French brought a cutting of a coffee plant to Martinique. But when a rare plant disease spread through the coffee fields of Southeast Asia in the mid 19th century, Brazil emerged as the world's foremost coffee producer, an honor the country still holds today.

18. Gresser, Charis and Sophia Tickell. �Mugged: Poverty in Your Cup.� Oxfam International 2002:7

19. Dependency on Coffee

22. Coffee bean background image from: http://www.coffeeandteawarehouse.com/common/inside/gourmetcoffee/fogcutter_gourmet_coffee.htmCoffee bean background image from: http://www.coffeeandteawarehouse.com/common/inside/gourmetcoffee/fogcutter_gourmet_coffee.htm

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24. Production The coffee bean begins its life as the prize inside a bright red coffee cherry It takes about five years before a coffee tree produces a harvestable crop of cherries, and each tree only produces the equivalent of a pound of roasted beans per year To prepare the pebble-like green coffee beans for roasting, growers process them using either the natural or the washed method Through the natural method, ripe coffee cherries are allowed to dry on the tree or on the ground before the beans are removed by hulling

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28. Production Through the washed method, the beans are immediately separated from the cherries, submerged in a vat of water, and then dried on large patios or with modern equipment. Green coffee beans are heated in a large rotating drum, then their transformation begins After about 5 to 7 minutes of intense heat, much of their moisture evaporates The beans turn a yellow color and smell a little like popcorn After about 8 minutes in the roaster, the "first pop" occurs. The beans double in size, crackling as they expand; they are now light brown

30. Production After 10-11 minutes in the roaster, the beans reach an even brown color, and oil starts to appear on the surface of the bean At this roasting time (different for each coffee, but usually somewhere between 11 and 15 minutes), the full flavor potential begins to develop in the beans, bringing all of their attributes into balance The "second pop" signals that the coffee is almost ready

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33. Coffee as a Commodity Globalization & FREE Trade

36. Coffee Price to Farmers

37. Distribution of Coffee Continued These companies, �whose brand names appear on the coffee we buy usually roast and distribute the product.� (Waridel 53) They are also the ones who reap most of the profits of the coffee trade. This graph shows the five top roaster which buy �almost half of the world�s supply of green coffee beans.� (Gresser 25)

38. Gresser, Charis and Sophia Tickell. �Mugged: Poverty in Your Cup.� Oxfam International 2002: 24

39. Coffee as a Commodity Globalization & FAIR Trade

40. WHAT IS FAIR TRADE? Alternative to conventional trade Producers Traders Consumers => equitable + sustainable Better trading conditions Awareness of workers� conditions

41. WHAT ABOUT CONVENTIONAL TRADE? Producers Buyers = UNFAIR The search for the best coffee at the lowest price Trader : Goal of both small store & multinational cooperation - lowest price ? PROFIT Producer : exploitation, poverty, bad working conditions

42. The Journey of a Bean Coffee first produced in 600 AD, Ethiopia Now second most valuable legally traded commodity in world 20 Million People involved in coffee production, mostly small farms, self- sufficient producers

43. Journey of a Bean world�s coffee from small plot farms producers: Colombia, Brazil, Guatemala, El Salvador, Peru Coffee- source of income for basic needs Arduous task -high care evergreen shrubs -picked by hand

44. Journey of a Bean-Conventional THE MIDDLEMAN: farmers dependant on middleman/coyote Transportation Instant Cash Moneylenders -200% interest Lack of information access for correct pricing Also receives low prices and 10% of retail price of coffee

45. Fair Trade Coffee � The Alternative No middleman, farmer sells directly to fair trade importer - $.05 to .07 above market price Offer line of credit Pay above the market price Long-term contract Economic empowerment vs. Charity Better relationship between producer, consumer and farmer

46. Price of Coffee -- Who Gets What?

47. Fair Trade History - Originally seen as charity rather than justice Handcrafts: e.g. Ten Thousand Villages 1960 � Oxfam shops in Europe 1980�s � Over one thousand �third world� shops were operating In Canada during 1970�s and 1980�s, small groups pooled resources to buy green coffee beans from Nicaragua at fair prices

48. Coffee Primer(short form)

49. Coffee (1) Prior to 1000: native to ETHIOPIA People discover energy boost when they eat the coffee bush berry Coffee land in Ethiopia image from: http://www.sweetmarias.com/ethiopia.coffeeland.jpg Ka�ba image from: http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html ** Good discussion of Islam and coffee at this site. ** Map of Mocha from: http://www.na.rim.or.jp/~tatsuyo/moca_e.htmlCoffee land in Ethiopia image from: http://www.sweetmarias.com/ethiopia.coffeeland.jpg Ka�ba image from: http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html ** Good discussion of Islam and coffee at this site. ** Map of Mocha from: http://www.na.rim.or.jp/~tatsuyo/moca_e.html

50. Coffee (2) 1600: Italian traders introduce coffee to West some Christians call it the �devil�s beverage� Pope Clement VIII "baptizes" coffee, making it an acceptable Christian beverage very expensive Image of Florence from: http://web.tiscali.it/Florence/index.html Dutch ship image from: http://www.blarg.net/~kachmor/collierwork.html Lloyds of London building photo from: http://www.origin360.com/travel/london_17.htmlImage of Florence from: http://web.tiscali.it/Florence/index.html Dutch ship image from: http://www.blarg.net/~kachmor/collierwork.html Lloyds of London building photo from: http://www.origin360.com/travel/london_17.html

51. Coffee (3) 1714: Mayor of Amsterdam presents Louis XIV a coffee bush descendants will produce virtually entire coffee industry in the Americas (90% spreads from this plant) Seedlings from this plant brought to Martinique (1725), and spread from there to S. America Martinique map from: http://www.martinique.cci.fr/ccim/aeroport/sommaire/principal.htm Brazil - tractor and drying field - image from: http://www.virtualcoffee.com/october_2000/6.htmlMartinique map from: http://www.martinique.cci.fr/ccim/aeroport/sommaire/principal.htm Brazil - tractor and drying field - image from: http://www.virtualcoffee.com/october_2000/6.html

52. Coffee (4) 1886: Former wholesale grocer names his popular coffee blend �Maxwell House� after hotel in Nashville, TN where it's served Kraft logo and product line image from: http://www.kraft.com/ Hill Bros. tin image from: http://countryjoe.bizland.com/Xhills.jpg Sanka images from: http://164.109.16.145/100/founders/LRoselius.htmlKraft logo and product line image from: http://www.kraft.com/ Hill Bros. tin image from: http://countryjoe.bizland.com/Xhills.jpg Sanka images from: http://164.109.16.145/100/founders/LRoselius.html

53. Coffee (5) 1946: Italian (Achilles Gaggia) perfects espresso machine & Italians first to manufacture it cappuccino is named for resemblance of its color to robes of monks of the Capuchin order Expresso Machine photo from: http://www.aabreecoffee.com/gaggia.html Starbucks logo from: http://www.starbucks.com Fair Trade logo from: http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee/Expresso Machine photo from: http://www.aabreecoffee.com/gaggia.html Starbucks logo from: http://www.starbucks.com Fair Trade logo from: http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee/

54. World coffee map from: http://www.gardfoods.com/coffee/coffee.gograph.htmWorld coffee map from: http://www.gardfoods.com/coffee/coffee.gograph.htm

56. References Gresser, Charis and Sophai Tickell. Mugged Poverty in your coffee cup. Ed. Kat Raworthand David Wilson.2002. Oxfam International. 14 Mar. 2003 O�Brien, Mary. �An Introduction to Paraquat.� Dirty Dozen Campaigner A Publication of the Pesticide Action Network. Sep. 1989 Rice, Robert. A Place unbecoming: The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America. 1999. Academic Search Elite. 16 Feb. 2003 http://0web16.epnet.com.opac.sfsu.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+0+ln+en%2

57. References Zielinski, Mike. �Trouble brewing at Starbucks Coffee.� Progressive 59.3 (1995): 12 .Academic Search Elite. 19 Feb. 2003 http://0web16.epnet.com.opac.sfsu.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+0+ln+en%2 Wexler, Mark. �The Coffee Connection�. National opac.sfsu.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+0+ln+en% Wildlife 41.1 (2001): 37-42. Academic Search Elite. 16 Feb. 2003 http://0web16.epnet.com.opac.sfsu.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+0+ln+en%2 Wille, Chris. �Clouds in the Coffee.� E Magazine: The Environmental Magazine 8.5 (1997): 20-25. Academic Search Elite. 16 Feb. 2003. http://0web16.epnet.com.

58. References �Frequently Asked Questions� Global Exchange. 20 Feb. 2003 http://globalexchange.org/economy/coffee/coffeeFAQ.html#environment �Action Alert: Uphold Kerala�s Endosulfan Ban� Endosulfan Spray protest ActionCommittee White Paper. Sep. 2001 Thanal Conservation Action and Information Network. 20 Feb. 2003 Waridel, Laure. Coffee With Pleasure: Just Java and World Trade. Montreal: Black Rose Books,2002. Dicum, Gregory, and Nina Luttinger. The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop. New York: The New Press, 1999.

59. References Rice, Robert and Justin Ward. Coffee, Conservation, and Commerce in the Western Hemisphere How Individuals and Institutions Can Promote Ecologically Sound Farming and Forest Management in Northern Latin America. 1996 Smithsonian Bird Center and National Resource Defense Council. 20 Feb. 2003 <http://www.nrdc.org/health/farming/ccc/cptinx.asp>