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STORAGE OF SOLVENTS/GASES

STORAGE OF SOLVENTS/GASES . Storage of Solvent. Common Solvents : Acetone, Acrylamide , Benzene, Methanol, Toluene, etc. Solvent Properties: High volatility at ambient temperature Inflammable Toxic. Difficulties faced. Loss of solvent due to: Breathing losses:

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STORAGE OF SOLVENTS/GASES

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  1. STORAGE OF SOLVENTS/GASES

  2. Storage of Solvent • Common Solvents: • Acetone, Acrylamide, Benzene, Methanol, Toluene, etc. • Solvent Properties: • High volatility at ambient temperature • Inflammable • Toxic

  3. Difficulties faced • Loss of solvent due to: • Breathing losses: Vapor pressure variation with temperature • Filling losses: Discharging and Refilling losses • Boiling losses: Vapor pressure higher than atmospheric pressure

  4. Types of Tanks • Standard Fixed-Roof Storage Tank • Variable Volume Tanks • Vapor Lift Roof Type • Internal Floating Roof Type • External Floating Roof Type • Pan • Pontoon • Double-Deck

  5. Accessories • Seal • Drains • Pipe Supports • Vents • Manholes • Rolling Ladder • Anti-Rotation Device • Gauge Platform

  6. Floating Roof Type Vapor Lift Type

  7. Example: Methanol Storage • Type of storage tank: Floating roof tank • Safety accessories: • Provision for fire-fighting • Provision for raw water sprays incase of increased temperatures • Pressure and temperature indicators • Biofilter and scrubber assembly to avoid environmental pollution due to filling losses.

  8. Standards for VOCs Source: KRS Chapter 77 Air Pollution Control

  9. STORAGE OF GASES • Currently more than 200 substances shipped in compressed cylinders • Two major groups: liquefied & non-liquefied • Compressed gases lumped into families • Atmospheric Gases • Fuel Gases • Refrigerant Gases • Poisonous Gases

  10. Hazards associated with gases in cylinders • Fire / Explosion from the release of flammable gases near ignition sources • Spontaneous combustion from oxidizing gases • Exposure to toxic or corrosive gases • Asphyxiation • Gases stored under 100’s of atmospheres of pressure

  11. Pressure Related Hazards • Valve damage – leakage of gas • Cryogenic/Liquefied Gases-Frostbite on release • Heating/Impact – Explosion/Shrapnel • Denser than air gases – tend to collect • Rapid release & Expansion – Cold Hazard • Large gas cylinders – severe strain from inappropriate handling

  12. Gas storage vessels • Low Pressure Storage Tanks (LPST) • Static Mobile Pressure Vessels (SMPV) • Spherical Storage vessels • Horton spheres

  13. LARGE SCALE AMMONIASTORAGE AND HANDLING • Why are these facilities needed? • Why is refrigeration needed? • What are the major components? • How is ammonia transported to and from the facilities?

  14. Major Components • Low Pressure Storage Tank • Compressor • Flash Tank / Intercooler • Condenser • Receiver

  15. Refrigeration in an AmmoniaStorage Facility • Superheated vapor passes from storage tank to 1st stage of compression • Hot vapor from 1st stage cooled in flash tank preparation for 2nd stage • Vapor at saturation temperature passes to 2nd stage compression • Hot vapor passes to the condenser: Heat rejected to environment • Condensed ammonia gravity drains into the receiver

  16. Refrigeration (contd.) • Receiver level control sends liquid to flash tank • Flash tank level control sends liquid, at intermediate pressure, to the storage tank • Flare for burning ammonia vapor during refrigeration system interruption • Knockout pot protect the compressors from damaging liquid entry are also utilized

  17. Case Study: Boston Molasses Disaster • Great Molasses Flood / Great Boston Molasses Tragedy • January 15, 1919: Neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts • Bursting of Molasses Tank • 21 Killed, 150 Injured

  18. Aftermath of the Disaster

  19. Huge Molasses Tank Collapsed • 15 m tall; 27 m dia. • Unleashed an immense wave of molasses • Moving at 56 km/hr and 200 kPa • Causes: Poor Construction & Improper Testing • Rise in air temperature • Fermentation: Production of Carbon di Oxide

  20. THANK YOU

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