Review Time: Management of Learning (MOL)

1. Review Time: Management of Learning (MOL) Talkie Time: Research worth Sharing

2. Lesson 12, Competency : The learner

3. Activity: Watch the video and answer the following questions?1. What is the variable used in the video?II. How was the investigation presented?III. How is the sampling criteria used?IV. What is the qualitative design used?V. How is this different to the Participant Observation?

4. What is an in-depth interview? An in-depth interview is an open-ended, discovery-oriented method that is well suited for describing both program processes and outcomes from the perspective of the target audience or key stakeholder.

5. Researchers engage with participants by posing questions in a neutral manner, listening attentively to participants’ responses, and asking follow-up questions and probes based on those responses.

6. They do not lead participants according to any preconceived notions, nor do they encourage participants to provide particular answers by expressing approval or disapproval of what they say.

7. In-depth interviews are usually conducted face-to-face and involve one interviewer and one participant.

8. The goal of the interview is to deeply explore the respondent's point of view, feelings and perspectives.

9. Key features of in-depth interviews • Open-ended Questions: • Questions should be worded so that respondents cannot simply answer yes or no, but must expound on the topic.

10. What form do interview data take? Interview data consist of tape recordings, typed transcripts of tape recordings, and the inter- viewer’s notes and if warranted, the video recording. Notes may document observations about the interview content, the participant, and the context.

11. Key features of in-depth interviews Semi-structured Format: Although you should have some pre-planned questions to ask during the interview, you must also allow questions to flow naturally, based on information provided by the respondent. You should not insist upon asking specific questions in a specific order.

12. Key features of in-depth interviews • Seek understanding and interpretation: • You should try to interpret what you are hearing, as well as seek clarity and a deeper understanding from the respondent throughout the interview. (Interpret the answer and clarify)

13. Key features of in-depth interviews • Conversational: You should be conversational, but your role is primarily that of a listener. There should be smooth transitions from one topic to the next.

14. Key features of in-depth interviews • Recording responses: The responses are recorded, typically with audiotape and written notes (i.e., field notes)

15. Key features of in-depth interviews • Record observations: You observe and record non-verbal behaviors on the field notes as they occur.

16. Key features of in-depth interviews Record reflections: You record your views and feelings immediately after the interview as well

17. In essence, in-depth interviews involve not only asking questions, but the systematic recording and documenting of responses coupled with intense probing for deeper meaning and understanding of the responses.

18. Stages of in-depth interview • Thematizing: This is the first stage of the process whereby you clarify the purpose of the interviews and determine what you want to find out. Make an Outline of the questions and sub questions.

19. Seven stages of in-depth interview 2. Designing: After you determine what you want to know, you must design a way to find it out. A key part of this process is designing an interview guide. An interview guide is a list of questions and probing follow-ups that guide you through the interview. As you prepare this guide, you should anticipate and organize the issues you plan to explore. However, if the discussion warrants it, you must be willing to transition or change directions during the interview.

20. Seven stages of in-depth interview 3. Interviewing: The actual interview consists of three main parts. a. The first part involves introducing yourself and the study. It is critical that you establish a good rapport with the respondent. Say something about the confidentiality issue and if its ok to tae own notes or record. b. Ask an ease question: How are you today. How's schooling? How’s your family. c. Get down to the prepared questions and probing.

21. General strategies: • Active listening. Listen and rephrase what was said to insure that you completely understand the meaning the respondent intends. • Patience. Do not rush the respondent and allow him/her to speak freely while guiding the conversation to cover important issues.

22. General strategies cont… • Flexibility. Be open to slight deviations from the topic, which may require rearranging/reordering the questions or coming up with new questions. If the respondent deviates too far from the topic, then carefully return him or her to the topic at hand. • Audio recording. When possible, audiotape the interview for later reference and increased accuracy. Always ask permission of the interviewee before audio recording. Some researchers even videotape interviews in order to capture both the verbal responses and nonverbal cues -- after receiving the interviewers permission, of course.

23. Seven stages of in-depth interview 4. Transcribing: Transcribing involves creating a written text of the interviews. This step involves bringing together all of your information-gathering approaches into one written form. Thus, you would write out each question and response (verbatim) from the interview using your recorded audiotape and notes including your side notes (observations, feelings and reflections). The side notes are differentiated from the respondent's notes, typically by highlighted text. Study and review the transcription, then denote the important information related to the study.

25. Seven stages of in-depth interview 5. Analyzing/Clarifying: This important step involves determining the meaning in the information gathered in relation to the purpose of the study. If more questions are raised that need clarity in order to serve the purpose of the study, then another in-depth interview is warranted to examine the issue more thoroughly.

26. Seven stages of in-depth interview 6. Verifying: Verifying involves checking the credibility and validity of the information gathered. A method called triangulation is used as a means of checks and balances. Basically, one type of triangulation would be to use multiple perspectives to interpret a single set of information Another simple way to triangulate would be to have a colleague read the transcripts to see if she he/she came away with the same overall meaning.

27. Seven stages of in-depth interview 7. Reporting: The final step of the process is to share what you have learned from the in-depth interviews with other internal and external stakeholders. Some reporting could be in the form of a formal written report such as the Report of Accomplishment or published Needs Assessment findings.

28. Where should I conduct the interview? Ideally, interviews should be conducted in a private location with no outsiders present and where people feel that their confidentiality is completely protected. Inviting participants to suggest a location where they would feel comfortable may also be a viable option.

29. How long should the interview last? On average, in-depth interviews last from one to two hours. As you begin the interview, consider how much time you will likely have with the participant. Set realistic goals for covering all of the questions in the interview guide accordingly. It is a good idea to record the start and end.

31. Direct questions: • “What do you mean when you say . . .?” • “Why do you think . . .?” • “How did this happen?” • “How did you feel about . . .?” • “What happened then?” • “Can you tell me more?” • “Can you please elaborate?” • “I’m not sure I understand X. . . . Would you explain that to me?” • “How did you handle X?” • “How did X affect you?” • “Can you give me an example of X?” Indirect probes: • Neutral verbal expressions such as “uh huh,” “interesting,” and “I see” • Verbal expressions of empathy, such as,“I can see why you say that was difficult for you” • Mirroring technique, or repeating what the participant said, such as, “So you were 19 when you had your first child . . .” • Culturally appropriate body language or gestures, such as nodding in acknowledgment

32. Sample Interview Transcript Archival #: CCIISP01 Site: Morning Star FP Clinic I = Interviewer Interviewer: Beatrice B. R = Respondent Transcriber: Beatrice B. Translator: Samuel D. Typist: Samuel D. Date: 7-6-04 Start: 10:00 a.m. End: 11:10 a.m. I: Do you consent freely to participate in this tape-recorded interview? R: Yes, I consent freely. (Question 1) I: As a family planning provider, what do you do or which methods do you provide in this clinic? R: We provide all methods, some of them being the pills, injection, Norplant, coil, condoms and the permanent family planning methods. (Question 2) I: How do you go about that? R: Usually when a client comes, we counsel them on all the methods, how they work, how they are used, and then the client chooses which method she feels she can use. I: Ehee . . . R: Then you go ahead and examine and evaluate if she is eligible for the method, we then give it and then we give a return date, and if she has any problem, she can come and we check it out. I: Ehee . . . R: And we are there to assure them of confidentiality, giving instructions and the methods how they are used, the likely side effects, and how they can deal with them. So that they are free to make their own choices on family planning.

33. Application: SimulationPerform the steps in In-depth Interviewing:Topic: Study Habit of student1. Thematizing2. Designing3. Interviewing4. Transcribing5. Analyzing/Clarifying Educational Research 2e: Creswell

34. Application: Simulation Educational Research 2e: Creswell

35. Sample 1 Topic: Perception on SHS Program1. Thematizing: Purpose: To probe the perception of STEC students on their ideas and worries about SHS. Sampling: Random SamplingGathering: In-depth Interview 2. Designing:Question 1: What is your idea of SHS ? Probing: Do you think it is beneficial to you?Question 2: What is your apprehension in the implementation of SHS? Probing: How can you help in the smooth implementation of SHS Educational Research 2e: Creswell

36. 3. Interviewing: • Introduction • Ease Question • FormalQuestion 1: What is your idea of SHS ? Probing: Do you think it is beneficial to you?Question 2: What is your apprehension in the implementation of SHS? Probing: How can you help in the smooth implementation of SHS Educational Research 2e: Creswell

37. 3. Transcribing: Educational Research 2e: Creswell

38. 4. Clarifying Educational Research 2e: Creswell

39. Assignment: 50 pts.1. Conduct an In-depth Interview on the topic: “Life Goal (dreams; targets, wish to become)”2. Choose 1 subject in STEC (non-stem student)3. Ask too if you could do documentation (take picture)4. Write the transcript in a bond paper (hand written)5. post the picture in FB with a title (In-depth Interview) Educational Research 2e: Creswell