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Imperialism and the Middle East

Imperialism and the Middle East. What is Imperialism?. Ronald Robinson’s Definition:

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Imperialism and the Middle East

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  1. Imperialism and the Middle East

  2. What is Imperialism? • Ronald Robinson’s Definition: • Imperialism . . . is a process whereby agents of an expanding society gain inordinate influence or control over the vitals of weaker societies by . . . Diplomacy, ideological suasion, conquest and rule, or by planting colonies of its own peoples abroad.” • How is this different from what we’ve already been studying?

  3. Case Study 1: Algeria Ties formed during Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt “Fly-whisk incident” Blockade and occupation of Algiers, 1830 Direct incorporation into France as three départements

  4. Transformation of Algeria • A French settler colony • Political dissidents • Expanding population • Economic investment • Ports, roads, telegraph lines, railroads • Agricultural exports • Grain, cotton, tobacco, flowers, wine

  5. Unforeseen Changes • Algerians come to France after outbreak of Great War • Algerian independence: Front de libération nationale (FLN) • War for independence 1954-1962

  6. Case Study 2: Egypt • From modernization to debt crisis • Caisse de la Dette • Revenues from railroads, telegraph, port of Alexandria • Taxes on tobacco, direct revenue from certain provinces and land taxes • Urabi mutiny - 1881 • British occupation

  7. Cromer’s Regime • Cromer’s attitudes toward the Oriental • Replacement of anti-British officials • Land-reform: the Five Feddan Law • Massive investment in cotton cultivation & railroads

  8. Case Study 3: Mount Lebanon • Growing economic power of Christians on Mediterranean coast of Ottoman Empire • Christians and Jews acted as middlemen in trade between Europe and Middle East • These merchants from religious minorities were granted berats • Berats gave them the special trade privileges granted to European powers by the capitulations • Europeans granted large numbers of berats to the religious minorities they identified with

  9. Sectarian Conflict • Christians challenge the Millet system based on Hatti-I Sharif and Islahat Fermani • Maronite Christians in conflict with Druze landlords – 1858 • Bloody massacres of Christians throughout Ottoman Empire • Between 5-10,000 killed in Damascus

  10. European Intervention • Mount Lebanon becomes a special district - mutasarrifiya • Council consisting of Maronites, Druze, Orthodox, Catholic, Sunni & Shi’ites • When Lebanon became independent, its constitution divided government posts based on similar representative formula • President is a Maronite; PM is Sunni; speaker of house is Shi’ite, etc.

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