Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

1. Introduction to the Cardiovascular System • A circulating transport system • A pump (the heart) • A conducting system (blood vessels) • A fluid medium (blood) • Is specialized fluid of connective tissue • Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

2. Functions of Blood • Transport of blood cells and dissolved substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide • Regulation of pH and ions • Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites • Defense against toxins and pathogens • Stabilization of body temperature

3. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Whole Blood Composition • Plasma • Fluid consisting of: • ______________________________________________ • ______________________________________________ • ______________________________________________ • Formed elements:

4. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Three Types of Formed Elements • Red blood cells(RBCs) or erythrocytes • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide • White blood cells(WBCs) or leukocytes • Protection from toxins and infection • Platelets • Cell fragments involved in clotting

5. Physical Characteristics of Blood Figure 19–1c The Composition of Formed Elements of Blood

6. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Hemopoiesis • Process of producing formed elements • By myeloid and lymphoid stem cells • Occurs in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

7. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Three General Characteristics of Blood • 38°C (100.4°F) is normal temperature • High viscosity: • Slightly alkaline pH:

8. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight (kilograms) • Adult Volume: • Normovolemic: • Hypovolemic • Hypervolemic:

9. Plasma • Makes up 50–60% of blood volume • More than 90% of plasma is water • Extracellular fluids • Interstitial fluid (IF) and plasma • Materials plasma and IF exchange across capillary walls • Water • Ions • Small solutes

10. Plasma • Plasma Proteins • Albumins (60%) • Transport some lipid soluble substances • Largely responsible for ability of blood to retain fluid • Globulins (35%) • Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins • Transport globulins bind to and carry some circulating molecules • Fibrinogen (4%) • Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin

11. Plasma • Other Plasma Proteins • 1% of plasma • Changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins • Enzymes and hormones • Most are made in liver

12. Summary of Plasma Composition Figure 19–1b The Composition of a Typical Sample of Plasma

13. Red Blood Cells • Red blood cells (RBCs) make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements • Transports _______________________ • Average about 8 micrometers in diameter Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

14. RBC Values • Red blood cell count: the number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood • Male: 4.5–6.3 million • Female: 4.2–5.5 million • Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV): percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood • Male: 40–54 • Female: 37–47

15. RBCComposition • No nucleus (enucleate) • No membranous organelles • Hemoglobin • Red, ___ containing molecules • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide • Bind oxygen in the lungs and release it in tissues • Bind some carbon dioxide in the tissues and release it in lungs • 280 millions molecules per RBC iron

16. Hemoglobin Composition • Protein (globin) part • Made of four polypeptides – blue part • Oxygen Binding parts – red parts • four iron containing heme groups – iron binds oxygen

17. Hemoglobin Values • Normal hemoglobin (adult male) • 14–18 g/dL whole blood • Normal hemoglobin (adult female) • 12–16 g/dL, whole blood • If values are too low you are ___________.

18. RBC Formation and Turnover • 1% of circulating RBCs wear out per day • About 3 million RBCs per second • Macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow • Monitor RBCs • Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture (hemolyze)

19. Red Blood Cells • Hemoglobin Conversion and Recycling • Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components • Globin (protein part) to amino acids • Heme to • Biliverdin • Iron

20. Red Blood Cells • Iron Recycling • Iron removed from heme leaving biliverdin • To transport proteins (transferrin) • To storage proteins (ferritin and hemosiderin)

21. Red Blood Cells • Breakdown of Biliverdin • Biliverdin (green) is converted to bilirubin (yellow) • Bilirubin is: • Excreted by liver (bile) • Jaundice is caused by bilirubin buildup • Converted by intestinal bacteria to urobilins and stercobilins

22. Hemoglobin Recycling Globin Amino Acids recycled Excreted in urine and Feces Hemoglobin Biliverdin Bilirubin Heme Stored in liver and spleen as ferritin and hemosiderin for later use Iron

23. Red Blood Cell Recycling Figure 19–5 Recycling of Red Blood Cell Components

24. Red Blood Cells • RBC Production • Erythropoiesis • Occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults • Stem cells mature to become RBCs • Hemocytoblasts • Stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce • Myeloid stem cells: become RBCs, and most WBCs • Lymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes

25. Red Blood Cell Maturation • Proerythroblasts form from myeloid stem cells become • Erythroblasts ___________ _______________________ • Normoblasts lose their nucleus and become reticulocytes • Reticulocytes enter blood to become ________________ _______________________ • Erythrocytes are not able to make _________________. Why?

26. Regulation of RBC Formation (erythropoiesis) • Building red blood cells requires • Amino acids for: • Iron for: • Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid: • pernicious anemia • Low RBC production • Due to unavailability of vitamin B12

27. Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis • Erythropoietin (EPO) from Kidneys and liver • Also called erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone • Secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia) • Due to disease or high altitude

28. Blood Types • ABO and Rh are most important types • Karl Landsteiner developed classifications for ABO blood types in 1901 • Awarded Nobel Prize in medicine in 1930 • Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener dicovered Rh type in 1937 • Antigens (glycoproteins and glycolipids) called _____________ on surface of RBC’S determine blood types. • These antigens are inherited, thus blood types are inherited • Antibodies (agglutinins) against the antigens may be in the plasma • The following slides will illustrate agglutinogens

29. ABO Blood Types • Four ABO Blood Types • A (surface antigen A) • B (surface antigen B) • AB (antigens A and B) • O (neither A nor B)

30. Blood Type Antibodies • Type A • Type B antibodies • Type B • Type A antibodies • Type O • Both A and B antibodies • Type AB • Neither A nor B antibodies

31. ABO Blood Types Illustrated

32. Rh Blood Type • Rh blood type is determined by presence of absence of Rh (D) _____ (_________) on the surface of RBCs • If Rh agglutinogen present, the type isRh . If no agglutinogens are present, the type is Rh . antigen agglutinogen + -

33. Rh Blood Type • People with Rh- type lack anti-Rh antibodies (agglutinins), but if they receive Rh+ blood, their immune systems will be stimulated to produce them, and they are then _________. Future exposure to Rh+ blood will cause a dangerous blood reaction. sensitized

34. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) • Results from Rh incompatibility between ___ mother and her ____child • If Rh+ RBC’s of first born child enter mother’s circulation, mother will be ________, and her plasma will carry anti-Rh agglutinins (antibodies) Rh- Rh+ sensitized

35. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) • The first child is not harmed, but the mother’s _________, acquired by exposure to the first child’s blood, easily pass across the placenta where they _________ and destroy the second child’s RBC’s. • How is it prevented? antibodies agglutinate

36. HDN Illustrated Figure 19–9 Rh Factors and Pregnancy

37. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Figure 19–9 Rh Factors and Pregnancy

38. Transfusions and Blood Typing • The greatest concern with blood types involves_________ • Person giving blood is the ______, person getting blood is the________ • If RBCs of a donor are incompatible with the blood of a recipient, antibodies in the plasma of the recipient will bind to the antigens of the donated RBCs. • This reaction will ______ (__________) and destroy (cause hemolysis of) the donated RBCs, resulting in a serious and possibly fatal reaction. transfusions donor recipient clump agglutinate

39. ABO and Rh Donors and Recipients

40. ABO and Rh Donors and Recipients • Use previous table to answer the following questions • Do you understand why some blood types are compatible and some are not? • What ABO Rh type is the universal donor? • What makes it the universal donor? • Why is universal donor important • What is the universal recipient? • What makes it the universal recipient?

41. Blood Typing • To assure blood type compatibilities • Blood type must be typed or • Blood must be cross-matched (check page 664) • Supplies for blood typing: • Sample of blood to be typed • Three separate bottles of sera containing Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-Rh (D) antibodies • Slide with three spaces marked A, B and Rh • Three toothpicks to stir the the samples

42. Blood Typing • Procedure for blood typing • Put drops of blood (all the same) in the A, B and Rh spaces • Put drops of each serum in respective bloods • Anti-A serum in A space • Anti-B serum in B space • Anti-Rh (D) serum in Rh space • Mix each sample, being careful not to contaminate, and observe sample for any changes in appearance • What does it mean if sample clumps? • What does it mean if sample does not clump?

43. Determining ABO and Rh Types Figure 19–8 Blood Type Testing

44. Blood Type Cross Reactions Figure 19–7b Blood Types and Cross-Reactions

45. Percentage of Blood Types  Notice how percentages vary in different populations • Notice that Native South Americans are all type O+

46. White Blood Cells • Also called leukocytes • Have nuclei and other organelles • WBC functions • Defend against pathogens • Remove toxins and wastes • Attack abnormal cells

47. White Blood Cells • WBC Circulation and Movement • Most WBCs in • Connective tissue proper • Lymphoid system organs • Small numbers in blood • 5000 to 10,000 per microliter

48. White Blood Cells • WBC Circulation and Movement • Characteristics of circulating WBCs • Can migrate out of bloodstream • Have amoeboid movement • Attracted to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis) • Some are phagocytic: • What does phagocytic mean?

49. Types of WBCs • Granulocytes • Granules in cytoplasm • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils

50. Types of WBCs • Agranulocytes • No granules in cytoplasm • Monocytes • Lymphocyte