Israeli-Palestinian Arab Conflict

1. Israeli-Palestinian Arab Conflict

2. Middle East after World War II • Middle Eastern nations achieved independence • The superpowers tried to secure allies • Strategic importance in the Cold War • Vital petroleum fields • Middle Eastern Nations would devote large parts of their gross national product to large armies and arms purchases from both the West and the Soviet bloc.

4. The Middle East can be divided • Large petroleum supplies • Rich, relatively sparsely populated nations with conservative regimes • Little or no petroleum • Poor, heavily populated nations with socialist governments

6. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

7. Egypt • In 1952, army officers led a coup d’état against King Faruk and replaced him with President Gamal Abdel Nasser • Nasser became very popular in the Arab world and very unpopular in the West • Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, leading to a war with Israel, France, and Great Britain

8. The U.S. and the Middle East • Turkey was the cornerstone of U.S. strategy (military bases, entry into UN) • Greek/Turkish disagreement over Cyprus led to a Turkish armed invasion in 1974 and the subsequent division of Cyprus by the U.N. • After that, Turkey would gradually move further away from the U.S. sphere of influence • During the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. would rely on Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Israel, along with bases in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea

9. U.S.S.R. in Afghanistan • Afghanistan had remained one of the poorest and least develop nations • Following a cycle of coups and countercoups, Babrak Karmal emerged and was backed by the Soviets • December 1979, Soviet Union sent 80,000 troops to support the regime

10. U.S.S.R. in Afghanistan • Armed resistance by militant Muslims (Mujahedin) received support & training from U.S. • Over a million refugees fled to Pakistan • The mountainous terrain was ideal for guerrilla warfare and Soviet forces could not eradicate Afghan opposition • The Soviets withdrew in 1988-89

11. Iran • Iran was a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy after WWII. • Led by pro-United States ruler Mohammad Reza Shah, Iran built a large military using U.S. aid and petroleum revenues • The Shaw was overthrown in 1979 and Iran became an Islamic Republic (theocratic rule) led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1902-1989)

12. Iran • Iranian leaders denounced the U.S. as “the Great Satan” • Demanded the Shah stand trial • After the U.S. refused, the U.S. embassy was occupied and the staff taken hostage in 1979 • They were released in January 1981

13. Iraq • The Islamic revolution in Iran threatened to spread to Iraq • The Ba’athist government under Suddam Husein attacked Iran in 1980 • The war lasted until 1988 with Iraq receiving military supplies from the Soviet Union, other Arab nations, and the U.S. while Iran was supplied by North Korea, China, and Israel • An armistice was signed in 1988 and Khomeini died in 1989

14. Israel • With the end of WWII, the Arab-Israeli conflict became the major political and military problem in the Middle East. • After the Holocaust, many of the survivors had no place to go. • Many Jews (Zionists) believed that they should have a homeland of their own. • They concentrated on the biblical area of Israel

15. Israel • After WWI, the area had become the British mandate of Palestine. • When Jewish immigration accelerated, friction was created between Jews and Palestinian Arabs • After 1945, Zionists and Palestinian Arabs wanted individual nations and both felt they had claim to Palestine. • Britain withdrew in 1947 and the U.N. proposed that the country be partitioned 50/50

16. Israel • A war broke out when the Jews, certain of U.S. and Soviet support, declared their independence and the creation of a new state of Israel on May 14, 1948. • When fighting ended in 1949, the Israelis had conquered more territory than had been envisioned in the U.N. plan, and the rest of the territory fell to Egypt and Jordan, rather than forming an independent Palestinian state. • Palestinian Arab refugees fled to Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza strip.

18. Israel • Israel would fight victorious wars in 1956 against Egypt, and 1967 against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, securing much of the territory around Israel • Yom Kippur War (1973) • Syria and Egypt launched a surprise attack against Israel • Soviet Union supplied the Arabs and the U.S. supplied the Israeli allies • The seven Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed a boycott of oil sales to countries seen as friendly to Israel. (October 1973 to March 1974)

19. Camp David Accords • Israel and Egypt (Anwar Sadat) would sign a peace treaty in 1979 with U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter mediating the Camp David Accords • Israel would return the Sinai to Egypt in exchange for recognition. • Israel had to negotiate a resolution of the Palestinian refugee dilemma. (Never happened) • Made an all-out war between Israel and the Arab world less likely.

20. Palestine • After 1967, the refugees would form Palestinian liberation organizations, (PLO) under the leadership of Yasir Arafat • The PLO used Lebanon as a base after 1970 • The Lebanese civil war erupted again in 1975 and would continue for over 14 years • Beirut would witness bombings, random assassinations, and extensive destruction • In 1988, the PLO declared the independence of Palestine (the West Bank and Gaza) • Conflict still continues