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Brain and Behavior

Brain and Behavior. Neuronal structure. Cell body Dendrites Axon Terminal buttons Vesicles Transporter molecules Myelin. Synapse. Synapse - gap between two neurons. Communication within a neuron. Action potential

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Brain and Behavior

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  1. Brain and Behavior

  2. Neuronal structure • Cell body • Dendrites • Axon • Terminal buttons • Vesicles • Transporter molecules • Myelin

  3. Synapse • Synapse - gap between two neurons

  4. Communication within a neuron • Action potential • Brief electrical charge that travels down an axon as charged ions move in and out of the axon’s membrane

  5. Communication within a neuron • Action potentials • Threshold of excitation • Cell body to terminal buttons • All-or-none firing • Rate of firing

  6. Communication between neurons • Neurotransmitters • Chemical messengers released when action potential reaches the terminal button • Carry message across the synapse • Fit into receptors on the receiving neuron • Excitatory • Inhibitory

  7. Communication between neurons • Synaptic communication is terminated when neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse • Reuptake • Enzymatic deactivation

  8. Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Dopamine • Norepinephrine • Serotonin • Glutamate • GABA

  9. Drugs • All psychotropic drugs work by binding to receptors in the brain • Agonists • Antagonists

  10. Central nervous system - Brain - Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system - All nerves extending from CNS Nervous system

  11. Nervous system

  12. Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal ____________ division (arousing) ___________ division (calming) Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract Decreases SALIVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPIRATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decrease secretion of stress hormones

  13. Types of neurons • Sensory neurons • Motor neurons • Interneurons

  14. Reflexes • Automatic responses to stimuli • Occur entirely within the spinal cord

  15. Brain divisions & regions • Brain stem • Myelencephalon • Medulla • Metencephalon • Cerebellum • Mesencephalon • Reticular formation

  16. Brain divisions & regions • Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus

  17. Brain divisions & regions • Telencephalon • Cerebral cortex • Complex thought and behavior • Limbic system • Emotions • Basal ganglia • Coordination and balance

  18. Cerebral cortex • Frontal lobe • Temporal lobe • Parietal lobe • Occipital lobe

  19. Cerebral cortex • Frontal lobe • Prefrontal cortex • Motor cortex • Parietal lobe • Sensory cortex

  20. Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma. Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G. Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby, National Institute of Mental Health Cerebral cortex • Temporal lobe • Auditory cortex • Occipital lobe • Visual cortex

  21. Lateralization of cortical function • Left hemisphere • Language areas • Broca’s area • Wernicke’s area • Analyzing sequences • Right hemisphere • Emotion • Spatial relations

  22. Corpus Callosum Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa Martin M. Rother Corpus Callosum • Connects the two cortical hemispheres

  23. Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

  24. Limbic system • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Hypothalamus • Nucleus accumbens

  25. Basal ganglia • Coordinates balance and motor output • Caudate • Putamen • Globus pallidus

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