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The Age of Revolutions in the Atlantic World. WOH4234. Francisco de Goya, The Third of May 1808 (1814). Learning Objectives. What was the Age of Revolutions? How did imperial infrastructures and wars prepare for the Age of Revolutions? How did Europe react to colonial revolution?
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The Age of Revolutionsin the Atlantic World WOH4234 Francisco de Goya, The Third of May 1808 (1814)
Learning Objectives • What was the Age of Revolutions? • How did imperial infrastructures and wars prepare for the Age of Revolutions? • How did Europe react to colonial revolution? • How did colonial revolution spread to Europe? • How did European revolution impact colonies? • What were the lasting results of revolutions?
An Age of Revolutions What is the Age of Revolutions? A worldwide series of revolutions, 1750-1850 • American Revolution, 1776-1783 • French Revolution, 1789-1799 • Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804 • Napoleonic Europe, 1799-1815 • Latin-American Revolutions, 1808-1833 • Communist Manifesto & Revolutions of 1848
An Age of Revolutions Why an Age of Revolutions? • The revolutions that occurred in the Atlantic world, 1750-1850, were not just coincidental, but shared common themes, causes and effects. • Thinking about this era as an Age of Revolutions helps historians explore what connects these revolutions, as well as what makes each revolution a unique historical event.
Mixing the Powder • Empires and Colonies • Eurocentrism • An Integrated Atlantic • New Communities, New Identities
Priming the Pan The First World War? • War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1714 • War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 • Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763
Sparks of Conflict • Metropoles spend to defend colonial interests • Metropoles maximize profits to offset expense • Colonies consolidate, organize for self-defense • Colonies bartered during peace process
The Shot Heard Round the World • Colonial grievances arise from metropoles recouping costs of Seven Years’ War • Colonists rally around concepts ofself-sufficiency gained through conflicts • Colonists exploit military experience from metropole conflicts • Other metropoles intervene to further European ambitions
Aux armes, citoyens! • Colonists become examples for metropolitans • The Republican idea: states without monarchs • Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité • Constitutionalism, democracy,conscription, secularization
A Whiff of Grapeshot • Reaction and repercussion • Consolidation and offensive • From Portugal to Moscow
Combustion • Liberté, Égalité, Slavery?Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804 • Trafalgar, 1805 • Continental System, 1806 • Abdications of Bayonne, 1808 • Portuguese monarchy flees to Brazil, 1808
1808 • Napoleon forcesBourbons toabdicate • Napoleon appointsbrother Joseph as king • People reject new king andelect Juntas
1809 • Supreme Juntaforms in Spain • Most colonies sendrepresentatives • Others rebel due tolack of representation • New Spain Junta effort fails
1810 • French armiesvictorious in Spain • Supreme Juntadissolves under pressure • Colonies begin to formnew Juntas
1811 • First Republicof Venezuelabecomes first colonyto declare independence • Declaration states coloniesgained right to self-ruleafter Bayonne abdications
1812 • Cádiz Cortesproduces firstSpanish Constitution • Civil war in Venezuela • French invade Russia • Britain and America beginWar of 1812
1813 • Paraguay andMexico declareindependence • Simón Bolívar beginsrestoration of Venezuela • Allies gain the upper handin the Peninsular War
1814 • Allies defeatNapoleon andrestore Ferdinand VII • Ferdinand repealsConstitution of 1812 • Reconquista: Royalistsgain upper hand in colonies
1815 • Royalist forcescontinue advances • Spain sends 10,000soldiers and 60 ships • Napoleon returns fromexile for the Hundred Days • Napoleon defeated at Waterloo
1816 • Civil wars continue • Royalist forcesreach Texas • United Provinces of theRío de la Plata consolidatepower in South America
1817 • Height of royalistReconquista • José de San Martíninvades Chile from theUnited Provinces
1818 • Chile declaresindependence
1819 • Fighting continues • Spain cedes Floridato United States • United States renouncesclaims to Texas • Spain organizes expeditionbut fails to send it to America
1820 • Liberals forceFerdinand torestore constitution • United Provinces begininvasion of Peru
1821 • Restoration ofConstitution allowsself-rule in Americas • Royalist leader in Mexicojoins guerrillas, establishesMexican Empire loyal to king • Bolívar unites Gran Columbia
1822 • Mexico elects kingAgustín de Iturbide • Dominican Republicdeclares independence • United States recognizesChile, United Provinces, Peru,Gran Columbia, and Mexico
1823 • Iturbide losessupport, restoresConstituent Congress,abdicates and flees • Britain recognizes UnitedProvinces but contestsclaims to Falkland Islands
1824 • French invadeSpain to restoremonarchy • Bolívar defeats Spanishat the Battle of Ayacucho
1825 • Last major Spanishforce surrendersin Upper Peru • Britain recognizes Mexicoand Gran Columbia • Spain retains control of Cubaand Puerto Rico until 1898
Repercussions • New states • New trade • New technologies • New ideas
Discussion • What was the Age of Revolutions? • How did imperial infrastructures and wars prepare for the Age of Revolutions? • How did Europe react to colonial revolution? • How did colonial revolution spread to Europe? • How did European revolution impact colonies? • What were the lasting results of revolutions?
Key Terms • Age of Revolutions • Eurocentrism • Creolism • Self-rule, self-government • Virtual Representation • Independence • Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité • Constitution(alism) • Democracy • Conscription • Secularization • Revolution • Cortes • Junta • Libertadores