English 51

1. English 51 Monday, February 25, 2013 Melissa Gunby

2. Freewrite • Please respond to the following prompt: • You are not here merely to make a living. You are here in order to enable the world to live more amply, with greater vision, with a finer spirit of hope and achievement. You are here to enrich the world, and you impoverish yourself if you forget the errand. –Woodrow Wilson.

3. Agenda for Today • Group Presentation: Ender’s Game chapters 6-7 • Group Presentation: Ender’s Game chapters 8-9 • Quiz: Ender’s Game • If time, review of clauses and sentence combining

4. Sentence Combining FANBOYS, SUBs, and Transitions

5. Independent Clauses (IC) • Independent clauses have a subject and verb, and can stand alone as a sentence • She ran • He spoke • He spoke fluent English

6. Dependent Clauses (DC) • CANNOT stand alone as sentences, though they will also contain a subject and verb • When she ran • Although he spoke fluent English

7. Santa Claus

8. How to tell the difference • Independent clauses will sound complete. • Dependent clauses will begin with a connecting word, and won’t sound complete. • Although • When • And • Because • After • While • Since • Santa Claus is a fat man in a red suit with a white beard.

9. Why it matters • Knowing the differences between the types of clauses will help you to identify and correct your mistakes. Some of the most common errors (run-ons and fragments) are caused by joining clauses incorrectly.

11. FANBOYS = Coordinating Conjunctions • For • And • Nor • Or • Yet • So • FANBOYS coordinate Star Trek conventions

12. How they work • FANBOYS are used to link independent clauses (IC) together. • IC, FANBOYS IC

13. SUBs = Subordinating Conjunctions • When you start a sentence with a SUB, it won’t be complete. • Although • Because • When • If • While

14. Using SUBs • SUBs help us connect DCs to ICs. • The punctuation depends on the order of the sentence. • DC, IC • IC DC • You only need a comma if the DC comes first

15. Transitions • Transitions work like SUBs and FANBOYS in combining sentences, but they require extra punctuation to be grammatically correct. • Transitions will combine Ics. • IC; trans, IC • Common words: • However, therefore, thus, moreover, then, also

16. Review! • With a partner, complete “Jim the Consumer” on page 163-164

18. Review: Mechanics Spelling, numbers, capital letters, etc.

19. Becoming a better speller

20. Spelling • Remember that spell check only tells you that words are spelled incorrectly; spell check can’t tell you if you’ve used the correct word, like principal or principle.

21. Capitalization Rule 1: Proper Nouns: Specific people’s names: Barack Obama, Johnny Depp, Maria Schriver. Capitalize a title when it comes before someone’s name (Senator Barbara Boxer) or when used instead of a name (Dad). Do not capitalize a title if it follows the name or refers to a general position. Some specific titles always get capitalized: the Pop, President of the United States. Capitalize titles that represent academic degrees or abbreviations for degrees, whether before or after a name (Dr. Sanjay Gupta; Sanjay Gupta, MD.)

22. Rule 2 • Names of particular structures, special events, monuments, etc: • the Brooklyn Bridge, the Taj Mahal, the Eiffel Tower, the World Series • Note: Only capitalize the common noun (lake, bridge, river) if that noun is part of the proper name (Lake Erie, Kings County).

23. Rule 3 • Places and geographical regions: • Saturn, Budapest, the Straits of Magellan • Capitalize north, south, east, and west when they label regions, but not directions. “We’re driving to West Texas” is okay, but not “We’re going West on 80.”

24. Rule 4 • Days of the week, months, and holidays • Saturday, Monday, Cinco de Mayo, Diwali, January

25. Rule 5 • Historical Periods, Events, Documents, and names of legal cases: • the Industrial Revolution, the Battle of Gettysburg, the Treaty of Versailles, Brown v. Board of Education • note: Court cases are italicized in your essay, but not in works cited.

26. Rule 6 • Philosophic, Literary, and Artistic Movements: • Naturalism, Dadaism, Neoclassicism, etc.

27. Rule 7 • Races, Ethnic Groups, Nationalities, and Languages: • African American, Latino/a, Korean, Farsi, English • Note: when the words black and white are used to describe race, they have traditionally not been capitalized.

28. Rule 8 • Religions and their followers: • Islam, the Qur’an, Buddha, Jews, God • Note: It’s not necessary to capitalize pronouns referring to God, though some will consider it a sign of disrespect if you do not. A good rule of thumb is any time you’re invoking God as a religious figure to capitalize God and any pronouns used to refer to Him.

29. Rule 9 • Specific Groups and Organizations • the Democratic Party, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the New York Yankees • Note: When the name of a group or organization is abbreviated, the abbreciation uses capital letters in place of capital words, and you do not need periods. • IBEW

30. Rule 10 • Businesses, Government Agencies, and Other Institutions: • General Electric, Starbucks, Heald, Lincoln High School, the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States of America

31. Rule 11 • Brand Names and Words Formed from Them • Velcro, Coke, Post-it • Note: brand names that have become synonymous with the product (aspirin, nylon) are no longer capitalized.

32. Rule 12 • All Important Words in Titles • As a general rule, when writing titles, any word that isn’t a preposition or conjunction should be capitalized (you don’t have to capitalize for, and, but, of, into)

33. Rule 13 • Capitalize the First Word in a Sentence

34. Rule 14 • When using “I” as a pronoun, it is always capitalized.

35. Using Italics (or Underlining)

36. NOTE! • When the MLA revised the standards in 2009, they dropped the underlining requirement because typewriters have been generally discontinued for use in academic writing. Wherever you previously learned to underline, you can now use italics instead.

37. Rule 1: Titles (pg 120) • Italicize the titles of the following types of works. All others get quotation marks. • Books, Newspapers, Magazines and Journals (just the title of the magazine, not the article), Online magazines and journals, web sites, pamphlets, films, tv shows, radio programs, long poems, plays, long musical works, software programs, search engines and web browsers, databases, paintings and sculptures, ships, trains, aircraft (only particular craft, not makes or types), spacecraft • Note: Well known documents and sacred texts aren’t italicized or placed in quotes. The Bible, the Qur’an, the Declaration of Independence

38. Rule 2: Foreign Words or Phrases • Whenever you use non-English words, you should put it in italics to set it off for your reader for clarity’s sake.

39. Rule 3: Elements Spoken of as Themselves or Terms Being defined • Use italics to set off letters, numerals and words that refer to those things themselves. • Is that an a or an e? • Also use italics to set off words and phrases that you go on to define. • A closet drama is a play meant to be read, not performed. • Note: When you use a dictionary definition, put the word you are defining in italics and the definition itself in quotation marks.

40. Rule 4: Emphasis • Italics may be used occassionally for emphasis: • Initially, poetry might be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language. • Note: Overuse of italics may be distracting.

41. numbers

42. Spelled out vs numerals • Spell out numbers if you can do so in one or two words • The Hawaiian alphabet has only twelve letters. • Class size stabilized at twenty-eight students. • Numbers that are more than two words long are expressed in numerals. • The dietitian prepared 125 sample menus. • The developer of the community purchased 300,000 doorknobs and 153,000 faucets.

43. Conventional Uses of Numbers • Addresses • Dates • Exact times • Exact sums of money • Divisions of works • Percentages and decimals • Measurements with symbols or abbreviations • Ratios and statistics • Scores • Identification numbers

44. Homework • T&C 136-149 • The essay assignment on page 149 is what we will begin working on in class on Wednesday (I hope). • 1st draft of this essay will be due on Monday 3/4 (yes, a week from today).

45. Fowles writes “an advertisement communicates by making use of a specially selected image…which is designed to stimulate” and get our attention in some way (137). • Fowles, Jib. “Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals.” Texts and Contexts: A Contemporary Approach to College Writing. Robinson, William S and Stephanie Tucker, eds. 7th Ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2009. Print.