1 / 30

Verbs (part 1)

Verbs (part 1). The Five Characteristics of Verbs. Person – who or what does* the action: 1 st person: I am sleepy. We see her. 2 nd person: You play soccer. You ( all ) sing well. 3 rd person: He/She/It is over there. They stink.

betrys
Download Presentation

Verbs (part 1)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Verbs (part 1)

  2. The Five Characteristics of Verbs • Person – who or what does* the action: • 1st person: I am sleepy. We see her. • 2nd person: You play soccer. You (all) sing well. • 3rd person: He/She/It is over there. They stink. • Number – how many subjects there are (singular or plural): • I am tall. We are short. • Tense – the time of the action (when it happens): • We go, we went, we will go.

  3. Five Characteristics Cont. • Mood – way the action or state of being of the verb is conveyed • Indicative mood indicates facts: She is tall. They are going to the store. I read a book. • Imperativemood makes a command: Go to sleep! Pay attention! Sit back and relax. • Voice – tells us whether the subject DOES or RECEIVES the action • Active voice = the subject does it : She hits the ball • Passice voice = the subject receives it: The ball is hit by her.

  4. Practice We play basketball. • Person? • 1st person • Number? • Plural • Tense? • Present • Mood? • Indicative • Voice? • Active

  5. He likes ice cream. • Person? • Third • Number? • Singular • Tense? • Present • Mood? • Indicative • Voice? • active

  6. You (all) be quiet. • Person? • 2nd person • Number? • Plural • Tense? • Present • Mood? • Imperative

  7. Conjugation • To conjugate = to list all of the forms of the verb, based on its five characterstics (person, number, tense, mood and voice). • In ENGLISH, we would conjugate a present tense verb as follows: • I praise — We praise • You praise — You (all) praise • S/he/ it praises — They praise • Notice that we can determine the verb’s PERSON and NUMBER by its form only in the 3rd person singular: praises (rather than praise)

  8. Latin Conjugation • Unlike English, In Latin we can figure out the PERSON and NUMBER of all six verb forms by its personal endings • 1st sing. - o • 2nd sing. - s • 3rd sing. - t • 1st pl. - mus • 2nd pl. - tis • 3rd pl. - nt • But what do we ADD these endings to?

  9. The present infinitive • The present active infinitive = to verb: to sing, to advise, to be. • In Latin, there are five “types” of verbs, called conjugations. Each conjugation is easy to identify by its present active infinitive. • FIRST CONJUGATION • laudāre (to praise) • All verbs that end in –ĀRE are FIRST conjugation verbs. • SECOND CONJUGATION • monēre (to advise) • All verbs that end in –ĒRE are SECOND conjugation verbs.

  10. Paradigms • To find the present active indicative of LAUDĀRE and MONĒRE • FIND STEM: Laudā-re Monē-re • Add personal endings • Laudō (I praise, am/do…)* Moneō (I advise) • Laudās (you praise) Monēs (you advise) • Laudat (s/he/it praises)Monet (s/he/it advises) • Laudāmus (we praise)Monēmus (we advise) • Laudātis (you all praise)Monētis (you all advise) • Laudant (they praise)Monent (they advise) • *Unlike English, Latin uses this one tense to express: • I verb (I run, I sing, etc.) • I am verbing (I am running, I am singing, etc.) • I do verb (I do run, I do sing, etc.)

  11. Practice • Laudat • S/he/it praises, (is praising, does praise) • Monētis • You (all) advise (are advising, do advise) • Laudō • I praise • Monent • They advise • Laudāmus • We praise • Moneō • I advise

  12. Practice • Conjugate the present active indicative of LAUDŌ,LAUDĀRE • Conjugate the present active indicative of MONEŌ, MONĒRE • How would we conjugate AMŌ, AMĀRE (to love)? • Amo • Amas • Amat • Amamus • Amatis • amant • How would we conjugate TERREŌ, TERRĒRE (to frighten, terrify)? • Terreo • Terres • Terret • Terremus • Terretis • terrent

  13. Present Active Imperative • As we’ve seen, this mood is used for giving commands (Sit still, Give me the remote). • Just like in English, Latin imperatives are either 2nd person singular or plural: (You) sit still; (You all) behave. • To form the imperative, drop the -re from the infinitive: • LAUDĀ(-RE) and MONĒ(-RE) • These are the 2nd sing. Imperatives. • Laudā =praise! • Monē = advise! • For the imperative PLURAL, add –te. • Laudāte • Monēte

  14. Practice • Monē mē! • Advise me! • Laudate me! • You (all) praise me! • How would we form the pres. act. imperative of amō, amāre? • Amā! • Amāte! • How would we form the pres. act. Imperative of terreō, terrēre? • Terrē! • Terrēte!

  15. 3rd Conj. Pres. Inf. and Pres. Act. Indic • Of the four verb conjugations, the 3rd is the most problematic because of its thematicvowel. • ago, agere, ēgi, actumto lead, drive, do • Present Inf = agere • NO MACRON! • Present Active Indicative: • 1stago (I lead) agimus (we lead) • 2nd agis (you lead) agitis (you all lead) • 3rd agit (he leads) agunt (they lead)

  16. Practice – give the person, number, tense, voice, and mood, and translate. • Agere • Present active infinitive. To lead • Agunt • 3rd pl. pres. Act. Indic. They lead • Agis • 2nd sing. Pres. Act. Indic. Youlead • Agit • 3rd sing. Pres. Act. Indic. S/He/itleads

  17. Imperfect active indicative • Finally, a tense that looks normal… • Luckily, in the imperfect, 3rd conjugation verbs keep the –ba- endings. • Take the inf.— agere • And add the endings to its stem: age: • Agēbam (I was leading) agēbamus (we were) • Agēbas (You were…) agēbatis (you all were) • Agēbat (He was..) agēbant (they were)

  18. Present Active Imperative To form the imperative, we get the stem, then add the endings: • AGERE • AGE-RE • AGE = lead! • AGITE = you all lead! • NOTE- the singular is simply age, but the plural uses the short -i- rather than an –e-.

  19. More practice- give the person and number, tense, voice, and mood, and translate • Agebam • 1st sing. Impf. Act. Indic. I was leading • Agere • Pres. Act. Indic. To lead • Agite • 2nd pl. pres. act. Imptv. You all lead! • Agit • 3rd sing. Pres. Act. Indic. Heleads • Agēbatis • 2nd pl. impf. Act. Indic. You all were leading

  20. Review of the 3rd conjugation • Pres. Imp. • duco ducebam • ducis ducebas • ducit ducebat • ducimus ducebamus • ducitis ducebatis • ducunt ducebant

  21. Fourth conjugation • As we’ve seen, conjugations are grouped by their infinitives: – āre, –ēre, –ere • Now we’re learning a new one! • Audio, audīre, audīvī, auditum to hear

  22. Present tense: audio, audīre, audivi, auditum • audio • audīs • audit • audīmus • audītis • audiunt • NOTE: the fourth conj. Has a long –ī, so it has a macron in the 2nd sing./pl. and 1st pl.

  23. Imperfect indicative active • audiebam • audiebas • audiebat • audiebamus • audiebatis • Audiebant • NOTE we take the short –i (audi-) and add –ebam –ebas –ebat, etc. to it.

  24. Present active imperative • audī • audīte • Just like we’ve seen before, we take the infinitive audīre, drop the –re for the singular, and add –te for the plural. • NOTE: The 2nd plural imperative has a long –ī = -īte, unlike the 3rd conj. (-ite)

  25. Review • Pres.Impf. • Audio audiēbam • Audīs audiēbatis • Audit audiēbat • Audīmus audiēbamus • Audītis audiēbatis • Audiunt audiēbant • Imperatives: audī, audīte • Infinitive: audīre NOTE: In bold are the forms different from those of the third conj.

  26. Third –io verbs • In addition to these four conjugations, there is a subset of the third conjugation that are a little funny. BUT they all follow the same pattern, and so are easily memorized. • These verbs look very similar to the 4th conj. BUT have a 3rd conj. Infinitive and imperative forms. They’re a sort of hybrid between the 3rd and 4th conj. • Ex: capio, capere, cēpi, captum

  27. 3rd -io verbs: capio, capere, cepi, captum • Present: • capio • capis • capit • capimus • capitis • capiunt • NOTE: the forms in bold are identical to the 4th conjugation, the others are identical to the other 3rd conj. verbs we’ve seen.

  28. 3rd -io Impf. • capiebam • capiebas • capiebat • capiebamus • capiebatis • capiebant • NOTE: all of these forms look like 4th conj.

  29. 3rd –io Imperatives • Cape • Capite • NOTE: Since this is a 3rd conj. verb, the inf. Is –ere, so the imperatives are formed accordingly.

  30. Practice • Congratulations! You now know the active present, future, and imperfect tenses (and the pres. active infinitives and imperatives) for ALL LATIN VERBS! • So lets do some practice: Which conj. is the verb? • supero, -āre • 1st • Capio, ere • 3rd -io • Audio, īre • 4th • Duco,ere • 3rd • Fugio, ere • 3rd -io

More Related