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Genetic Mutations

Explore how genetic mutations affect amino acid sequences, leading to protein abnormalities. Learn about types of mutations like substitution, insertion, and deletion, and understand the causes of these DNA alterations.

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Genetic Mutations

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  1. Genetic Mutations

  2. Amino Acid Purpose • Each group of 3 bases on a DNA strand signifies a certain Amino Acid to be created. Ex: AAC = Asparagine • A protein is produced by the ribosomes based on the sequence of amino acids. The protein is then released into the body to do it’s job.

  3. Types of Mutations • Mutations are caused by a change in the DNA sequence due to a mistake when copying when cells reproduce. • There are 4 different types of mutations • Substitution • Insertion • Deletion • Frameshift

  4. Substitution • Substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another. • CTGGAG becomes CTGGCG

  5. Insertion • Mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA. Ex: CTGGAG becomes CTGGTGGAG

  6. Deletion • Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted Ex: CTGGAG - becomes CTAG

  7. Frameshift • Since protein-coding dNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that it’s message is no longer correctly parsed. For example in the sentence The Fat Cat Sat, each word represents a codon. If the first letter is deleted, the sentence won’t make sense. HefAtcAts At This causes DNA codons to be parsed incorrectly. This generates truncated proteins that are useless.

  8. Mutation Causes • DNA fails to copy accurately • External Influences – such as specific chemicals or radiation. These can cause the DNA to break down. When the cell repairs the DNA, it might not do a perfect job of the repair, causing a difference in DNA

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