Communication

1. Communication Dorota Piontek, AMU dorota.piontek@amu.edu.pl

2. schedule • communication in general • interview – how to prepare • workshop

3. communication as a process • communication is a process in which people share information, ideas, and feelings • basic elements of communication: • senders and receivers • messages • channels • feedback • setting

4. senders and receivers senders - receivers send and receive messages simultaneously

5. message • is made up of the ideas and the feelings to be shared • are represented by symbols • symbols – that stand for sth else • symbols: verbal and nonverbal • verbal symbols: concrete and abstract

6. channels • route traveled by a message between the senders-receivers • senses and technical means

7. feedback • response of the receivers-senders to each other • immediate and delayed

8. noise • interference that keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted • three kinds of noise: • physical • semantic • psychological

9. setting • where the communication occures (the surrounding) • is made up of several components

10. principles of transactional communication • participation is continuous and simultaneous • all communications have a past, present, and future • all communicators play roles

11. types of communication • intrapersonal • interpersonal • small-group communication • institutional communication • mass communication

12. intrapersonal communication • occures within a person • is centered in the self – one is the only sender-receiver • message – thoughts and feelings • channel: one’s brain • social experience

13. interpersonal communication • one to one or a few • each functions as a sender-receiver • verbal and nonverbal symbols • channels: all senses • immediate feedback

14. small-group communication • each has a chance to interact with all • more complicated, more chance for confusion • usually to solve a problem • messages more structured • channels: all senses • immediate feedback

15. institutional/organizational communication • e.g. political system or business firm • complicated and indirect • delayed feedback • messages structured • formal and informal channels • need for technical devices

16. mass communication • delivering information, ideas, and attitudes to a sizable, diversified audience through use of media designed for that purpose • professional communicator • mass audience • highly structured message • delayed feedback

18. barriers to effective communication • selective attention, distortion, and recall • channel noises • psychological noise • language noise • fields of experience • value judgements • mis-matching • selectivity

19. barriers to effective communication • status differences • time constraints • overload

20. verbal communication • symbol – stands for the object or concept that it names • denotative meaning – dictionary definition • connotative meaning – feelings or associations one has about a word • meanings are determined by people, not by words

21. language environment • people • their purpose • the rules • the actual talk

22. language • ritual • appropriate • specialization

23. role and verbal image • style – result of the way we select and arrange words and sentences • verbal style – connected with the role • instrumental vs expressive language

24. improving verbal communication • what do you want to say • how do you want to say it • to whom are you talking • metatalk

25. metatalk • the meaning exists on three levels: • what the speaker is saying • what the speaker intends to say • what the listener thinks speaker is saying

26. metatalk • how are you / how do you do

27. true meaning • hello; does not have a meaning – tell me, how have you really been

28. metatalk • call me

29. true meaning • don’t bother me now; I would accept if you asked me out; I can’t discuss this here; don’t go so fast

30. metatalk • I’ll call you

31. true meaning • let’s start something; don’t call me

32. let’s have lunch

33. social acquaintances: if you have nothing to do and I have nothing to do – let’s get together; business: if you have sth useful to say to me I’ll listen

34. let’s have dinner

35. social: let’s advance this friendship; business: let’s turn this into a friendship

36. metatalk • we must get together

37. I like you but I’m too busy now to take on more friendship

38. I can’t make the time to see you

39. we really must see more often

40. we must do this more often

41. true meaning • I can’t make the time to see you

42. we must do this more often

43. this was surprisingly enjoyable, but it still going to happen infrequently

44. I only say what I really mean

45. I’m about to insult you

46. nonverbal communication • any information communicate without using words • little or no control • involves several related messages • need to know a person

47. verbal and nonverbal differences

48. functions of nonverbal communication • to complement a verbal message • to regulate verbal communication • to substitute for verbal message • to accent what sb’s saying

49. principles of nonverbal communication • is culturally determined • may conflict with verbal messages • is largely unconscious • is important in communicating feelings and attitudes

50. types of nonverbal communication • paralanguage • body movement • body type • attractiveness • body adornment • space and distance • touch • time