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CELLS

CELLS. The Cell. The basic unit of life Self-replicating Bound by a membrane Contains biomolecules like DNA, proteins and sugars Can exist as: Single-celled organisms (e.g. bacteria, yeast) Sub-unit in a multi-cellular organism (e.g. plants, animals)

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CELLS

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  1. CELLS

  2. The Cell • The basic unit of life • Self-replicating • Bound by a membrane • Contains biomolecules like DNA, proteins and sugars • Can exist as: • Single-celled organisms (e.g. bacteria, yeast) • Sub-unit in a multi-cellular organism (e.g. plants, animals) • Cells are specialized in their structure and function (e.g. brain cells, blood cells, etc)

  3. Single-celled Organisms Bacteria Yeast (a type of fungus)

  4. Specialized Animal Cells Red Blood Cells Cheek Cells Sperm and Egg Cells

  5. Cell Theory Cheek Cells • All living things are made up of one or more cells and the products of those cells. • Cells are the functional units of life. • All cells come from pre-existing ones. Sperm and Egg Cells

  6. Types of Cells Cheek Cells Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells • Simple Cells • No nucleus • No organelles • More complex cells • Nucleus • Membrane-bound organelles • e.g. plant cells, animal cells, protists and fungi e.g. bacteria

  7. Organelles • Little “organs” of cells • Membrane-bound • Allow for cellular functions like: • DNA replication • cell division • excretion of wastes Cheek Cells

  8. ANIMAL CELL Cheek Cells

  9. PLANT CELL Cheek Cells

  10. CELL WALL Cheek Cells • protects the cell • gives shape • is made of cellulose • A cell wall is found in plants, algae, fungi, & most bacteria.

  11. CELL MEMBRANE • Outer covering, protective layer around ALL cells • For cells with cell walls,the cell membrane is inside the cell wall • Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste products out of the cell. Cheek Cells

  12. CYTOPLASM Cheek Cells • gelatin-like inside cell membrane • constantly flows • aka protoplasm

  13. CYTOSKELETON Cheek Cells • scaffolding-like structure in cytoplasm • helps the cell maintain or change its shape • made of protein

  14. NUCLEUS Cheek Cells • Directs all cell activities • Contains instructions for everything the cell does • These instructions are found on a hereditary material called DNA • Usually the largest organelle

  15. NUCLEOLUS Cheek Cells • Aka “little nucleus” • Found in the nucleus

  16. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Cheek Cells • Network of tubes or membranes • Carries materials through cell • Can be • Smooth (no granules on the surface – the granules are ribosomes) • Rough (granules on the surface)

  17. RIBOSOME Cheek Cells • Small bodies free or • attached to E.R. • Their function is to produce proteins

  18. MITOCHONDRION Cheek Cells • Bean-shaped with inner membranes • Place where sugar molecules are broken down into energy • Cellular respiration

  19. GOLGI BODIES Cheek Cells • Compartment in which proteins are sorted and modified • Stack of membrane-bound vesicles which package substances to be transported around the cell

  20. VACUOLES • Fluid-filled sacs found in both plants and animals • Plants usually have few larger vacuoles • Animals usually have smaller vacuoles • Store food, water, waste • Plants need to store large amounts of food Cheek Cells

  21. LYSOSOMES • Small, round structures with a membrane • Break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules • Digestion • Attack “foreign bodies” • Protection • Digest old cell parts • Not too common in plants Cheek Cells

  22. CHLOROPLASTS Cheek Cells • Green, oval structures found in plant cells • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Place where energy from sun is utilized to make food for the plant • Photosynthesis

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