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Explore the Progressive era of 1900-1917, a grassroots movement led by Teddy Roosevelt to address issues of poverty, labor conditions, and social reforms. Dive into the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire and the impact it had on regulatory measures, suffragettes, muckrakers, and labor unions. Discover Progressive reform methods and key figures like Jane Addams, with a focus on women's labor rights and child labor laws. Learn about Progressive era amendments, democratic changes, and battles for social justice in American history.
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Trying to fix the abuses of the Gilded Age and the industrialization of America Mainly a middle class, urban movement Grass roots, bottom up, reform movement 1900-1917, Teddy Roosevelt becomes President to the end of WWI Progressive Era
Poverty and other such issues are caused by the environment and not the individual, (refute Social Darwinism) therefore government needs to step in and fix the situation New World View
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, March 25, 1911
Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAsch Building, 8th through 10th Floors
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire motivated people to regulate business
Progressive Reform Goals: • Break-up or regulation of trusts, banking reform • Reduce the threat of socialism (by improving workers’ lives) • Labor reform (working conditions and unionization) • Improve squalid conditions in the cities • Improve working conditions for female labor and end child labor • Consumer protection • Increased democracy by voting reforms and killing political machines • Conservation of nature • Increased morality, prohibition • Progressive crusaders created a reform movement not seen since the 2nd Great Awakening
PROGRESSIVISM Suffragettes Mid d l e Class Muckrakers Temperance Popul ists Labor Unions W o m e n
Investigative journalists Digging up dirt, exposing corruption and abuse Coined by Teddy Roosevelt as a criticism of journalists Government will step in to solve the issues with regulation Examples: Upton Sinclair- The Jungle, led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act (1906) Ida Tarbell- The History of the Standard Oil Company Ida B. Wells- anti-lynching crusade Muckrakers
Lincoln Stevens: The Shame of Cities, exposed boss rule, leader of the movement • McClure’s, Colliers’s, & Cosmopolitan Magazines • Helen Hunt Jackson- A Century of Dishonor • Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives
Settlement Houses • Settlement House movement became the epicenter of Progressive activism and social reform. • Some historians maintain that progressivism began in 1889 with the founding of Hull House • Largely a female movement, moral crusaders • First generation of college-educated women • Teaching or volunteer (social) work were almost the only permissible occupations for a young woman of their social class. • St. Jane Addams, founded Hull House, helped found the NAACP and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Women’s Labor • States passed labor laws to limit women’s working hours to protect mothers • Muller v. Oregon • Brandeis Brief • Ruled this was constitutional • Adkins v. Children’s Hospital 1923 • The Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for women violated the right to freedom of contract. William Howard Taft was the Chief Justice
Florence Kelley of Hull House reported on child labor Organized boycotts as the head of the National Consumers League Keatings-Owen Act 1916 outlawed child labor Hammer v. Daughenhaut case in 1918 declared the Keatings-Owen Act unconstitutional Not outlawed at the federal level until the New Deal & 1930’s Mandatory school attendance laws helped fix the issue Child Labor
Local- try to reform cities from boss rule State- “Wisconsin method” Laboratory of democracy Robert La Follette National- Teddy Roosevelt, “Square Deal” Woodrow Wilson, “New Freedom” Progressives Climb their way to the top
Public ownership of water, sewage, and transportation systems City managers elected to run cities Municipal reform
Australian, or secret ballot, voter registration Direct primaries in state elections Direct election of U.S. Senators Initiative- a method to compel the legislator to consider a bill Referendum- a method for citizens to pass a bill in a yes or no vote Recall- vote to remove a politician Democratic changes to state governments
16th Income Tax- most important 17th Direct Election of Senators 18th Prohibition 19th Women’s Suffrage Progressive Amendments
A graduated or progressive income tax • Income % tax paid $ amount paid • 0-8,000get money back +5,000 • 8,000- 25,000 5% -1,250 • 25,000-80,000 10% -8,000 • 80,000-180,000 20% -36,000 • 180,000 plus 35% -350,000 if made a million dollars How does this compare to a tariff?
Would not favor business nor labor in a strike, yet would broker a ‘square deal’ Anthracite Coal Miners Strike, 1902- Country worried about people being able to heat their house that winter, President calls both sides to the White House to negotiate a compromise Workers win 9 hour work day, 10% pay raise, yet no union recognition Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
Difference between a ‘good’ and ‘bad’ trust Would add teeth to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Broke up the Northern Securities Railroad company, Supreme Court upheld his actions Directed his Attorney General to take antitrust action against Standard Oil and 40 other large companies Trust Busting • Yet during this time, more mergers took place than any in US history
Other TR ideas “The conservation president" • Conservation- National Park System • Bully Pulpit • The President should use his office and the media to promote his policy goals, activist president
John Muir • "Father of the National Parks” • American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States • Founded the Sierra Club • Petitioned Congress in 1890 to establish the first national park, Yosemite National Park • Influential relationship with Teddy Roosevelt, helped create the National Park System • Goal was to save the American soul from the total surrender to materialism
Taft Presidency • Brought 90 anti-trust suits while in office, twice that of Teddy Roosevelt • Ordered the breakup of Standard Oil • Parts of Standard Oil around today include Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, parts of BP, • Taft signed the high 37% Payne-Aldrich Tariff that split the Republican Party and angered reformers, it betrayed his campaign promise
The Candidates
The Progressive Party &Former President Theodore Roosevelt People should riseabove their sectarianinterests to promote the general good.
Theodore Roosevelt atOsawatomie, KS: New Nationalism Big business requires big government.
