1 / 24

Chapter 23 – Industrialization of the West – 1760-1914

The Age of revolution: Population revolution : Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730

bevis
Download Presentation

Chapter 23 – Industrialization of the West – 1760-1914

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The Age of revolution: • Populationrevolution: Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730 • Proto-industrialization: Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. Chapter 23 – Industrialization of the West – 1760-1914

  2. American Revolution: Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the United States of America • French Revolution: overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. Ended with King Louis XVI being beheaded! • Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.

  3. Three Estates • First Estate (1%) • Clergy (Roman Catholic) • Owned 10 % of land • Second Estate (2%) • Rich Nobles • Owned 20% of land • Third Estate (97%) • Bourgeoisie • Bankers, merchants, artisans • Workers • Trades people, laborers • Peasants • Heavily taxed (1/2 income)

  4. French Revolution - 1789 The Consulate 1799 - 1815 National Assembly 1789 -91 1795-99 1792-94

  5. Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

  6. Guillotine: Introduced as a method of “humane” execution; used during the French revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the “Reign of Terror.” • Napoleon Bonaparte: Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; overthrown and exiled in 1815. • Congress of Vienna: Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power. • Louis XVIII (Bourbon dynasty restored) • “Concert of Europe” Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Britain

  7. Europe AFTER the Congress of Vienna - 1815

  8. Political Spectrum Radical Liberal Moderate Conservative Reactionary Communist Socialist Democrats Republican Fascism /Nazis • Liberalism: political ideology that flourished in 19th century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. • Liberals sought to gain political power with the economic power of the middle classes; they wanted limited constitutional government. • Socialism: political ideology in 19th century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working man

  9. Nationalism: European 19th century viewpoint; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins. • Radicals: Followers of a 19th century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes. • Greek Revolution: 1820’s; series of revolts; first step in dismantling the Ottoman Empire • Reform Bill of 1832: gave parliamentary vote to most middle-class men in Britain.

  10. The Industrial Revolution • Factors leading to British Industrial Revolution: • Favorable natural resources • Population pressure forced innovations at all levels of society • Increasing world trade • Growth of manufacturing sector of the economy • Governments committing policies of economic growth

  11. Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution

  12. The Industrial Revolution • James Watt: devised a steam engine in 1770’s • Improvements in agriculture • Population boom • Example: Manchester, England; small village, then boomed to several hundred thousands of people • Environmental effects: • Less need for forests, but smoke pollution in air increased; also, factory wastes and population boom affected water quality in some areas

  13. Effects of Industrialization • Positive: Growth of the Middle Class • Skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers • Increase in wealth of factory owners and bankers • Negative: Disparity in the Working Class • People are replaced by machinery • Luddites: group of people whom attacked labor saving machinery (1811) • Riots formed outside factories

  14. Effects of Industrialization in Cities • Migrations • Mostly young adults • Poor health conditions • Packed housing • Inadequate sanitation (see “environmental effects” from previous slide) • Crowded cities • Population boom & movement

  15. Effects of Industrialization on Social/Family Life • Women and children still “sheltered” from the industrialized work world • Women mainly took care of children at home • Moral status improved • Middle-class was improving (and growing) • Education was more important for children than work/apprenticeship • Social structure relied less on privilege & birth and more on money

  16. Revolutions of 1848-1849 Paris, France • French monarchy overthrown…again! (Louis Philippe’s gvt. corrupt; Utopian socialist wanted to end private ownership of property; called for expanded suffrage); Louis Philippe abdicated; • Democratic-Republic temporarily set up--2nd Republic formed- Louis Napoleon (Napoleon II voted to rule). • Wanted social reforms: • Women’s rights & voting rights • Jobs for the unemployed (socialism) • (More demands than the original French Revolution of 1789)

  17. Revolutions of 1848-1849 • Revolution spread to other areas of Europe: Germany, Austria, & Hungary • Revolutions died down by the later-1800’s • Failure in some revolutions taught liberals that it was too risky  should use more gradual methods

  18. 1850-1914 ish • 1880-1920improved children’s health • Child death rates now less than 10% (dying by age 10) • Labor strike among industrial workers in 1890’s • Many in USA and Germany • Italy unified  most by 1870’s • Reduces power of the Pope & Catholic Church • Germany unified in 1871 after war w/ France • Many Western governments began using civil service exams (like the Chinese thousands of years before!) • Education became common. Most schooling done up to age 12; governments believed education provided basic work skills • Literacy rates improved: by 1900, 90-95% of all adults in western Europe & USA could read

  19. The Unification of Germany, 1815-1871

  20. Socialism • All about the working class • Depended on the grievances of/against the working class • Karl Marx (Marxism) • According to Marx: “History was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled those means” • The middle class had won the battle because they owned land; they had a strong hold on the lands available to people, therefore they controlled the means of production. • The “enemy” then, was the property-less proletariat (lower class) • Marx told the working class that their wages were exploitive and unfair. • Urged the need for violent action

  21. Socialism - continued • The rise of socialism scared people of “Western” society • Germany (led by Otto von Bismark) became largest single political force by 1900 • Major industrial strikes and the forming of unions rose quickly • Socialist parties would ally themselves with other moderate groups to strengthen themselves • In the end, Marx’s vision was incorrect; success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means and NOT only by violent revolts

  22. Franco Prussian War July 15, 1870 to Feb. 1, 1871 Causes: German Unification process • Prussia had annexed North German Confederation. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany • France opposed to the annexation of the Southern German States (Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Baden, and Hesse) War deemed necessary to arouse German nationalism Result: France defeated; Germany Unified -Alsace –Lorraine given to Germany

  23. Feminist Movement - 1900 • Sought various legal and economic gains for women • Equal access to higher education • Right to vote • USA, Britain, and Germany all granted women the right to vote after 1918 • Big boost from middle-class women

  24. Beginnings of World War I • Triple Alliance: • Germany • Italy • Austria-Hungary • Triple Entente: • France • Britain • Russia

More Related