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Exploring Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA, and Genetic Code

Discover the functions and structures of DNA and RNA, the key role of nucleotides, and how gene mutations affect organisms. Explore DNA fingerprinting, recombinant DNA technology, and applications in medicine and agriculture. Learn about gene mutations and cloning. Test your knowledge with the interactive quiz.

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Exploring Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA, and Genetic Code

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  1. Chemistry 24.5

  2. Nucleic Acids • Maybe people have told you that you have your mother’s eyes or your father’s nose. You do inherit the instructions for assembling the proteins of your body from your parents. You will learn what these instructions are called and how they code for proteins.

  3. DNA and RNA • DNA and RNA • What are the functions of DNA and RNA?

  4. DNA and RNA • Nitrogen-containing compounds, called nucleic acids, are polymers that are found primarily in cell nuclei. Two kinds of nuclei acids are found in cells: • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • ribonucleic acid (RNA)

  5. DNA and RNA • DNA stores the information needed to make proteins and governs the reproduction and growth of cells and new organisms. RNA has a key role in the transmission of the information stored in DNA and in the synthesis of proteins.

  6. DNA and RNA • The monomers that make up the DNA and RNA polymers are called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing unit called a nitrogen base.

  7. DNA and RNA • These strands of DNA have been extracted from cellular material.

  8. DNA and RNA

  9. DNA and RNA

  10. DNA and RNA • Simulation 29 • Construct a portion of a DNA molecule.

  11. The Genetic Code • The Genetic Code • How long a base sequence of DNA is required to specify one amino acid in a peptide chain?

  12. The Genetic Code • A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for making one peptide chain. The products of genes are the peptides and proteins found in an organism.

  13. The Genetic Code • Three bases of DNA arranged in a specific sequence are required to specify one amino acid in a peptide or protein chain.

  14. The Genetic Code • This space-filling model shows only a tiny segment of a DNA molecule.

  15. The Genetic Code

  16. Gene Mutations • Gene Mutations • What are gene mutations?

  17. Gene Mutations • Substitutions, additions, or deletions of one or more nucleotides in the DNA molecule are called gene mutations.

  18. Gene Mutations Hemoglobin

  19. Gene Mutations • The blood cells on the left have a distorted shape because of sickle cell anemia. Normal blood cells, like the ones on the right, have a doughnut-like shape.

  20. DNA Fingerprinting • DNA Fingerprinting • What forms the basis for a method of identifying a person from biological samples?

  21. DNA Fingerprinting • The variation in the DNA of individuals forms the basis for a method of identifying a person from samples of his or her hair, skin cells, or body fluid.

  22. DNA Fingerprinting • This scientist is comparing DNA fingerprints. DNA fingerprinting is an important tool in the identification of people.

  23. Recombinant DNA Technology • Recombinant DNA Technology • What is recombinant DNA technology?

  24. Recombinant DNA Technology • Recombinant DNA technology consists of methods for cleaving a DNA chain, inserting a new piece of DNA into the gap created by the cleavage, and resealing the chain.

  25. Recombinant DNA Technology Insertion of Foreign gene

  26. Recombinant DNA Technology • Applications in Medicine • The first practical application of recombinant DNA technology was to insert the gene for making human insulin into bacteria. Diabetic patients use the human form of insulin produced by these bacteria.

  27. Recombinant DNA Technology • Applications in Agriculture • New recombinant DNA techniques can make plants resistant to pests and weed killers and fruits and vegetables that are better suited for shipping and storage.

  28. Recombinant DNA Technology • Cloning • A clone is an exact genetic copy of its parent because it is formed using the DNA of only that parent. Dolly the sheep had no father.

  29. 24.5 Section Quiz. • 24.5.

  30. 24.5 Section Quiz. • 1. Each nucleotide consists of a • phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base. • sulfate, a six-carbon sugar, and a phosphate base. • phosphorus, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base. • sulfate, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate base.

  31. 24.5 Section Quiz. • 2. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called • phospholipids. • amino acids. • nucleotides. • genes.

  32. 24.5 Section Quiz. • 3. Each word in the genetic code consists of a sequence of three • deoxyribose units. • RNA molecules. • bases. • amino acids.

  33. 24.5 Section Quiz. • 4. Scientists were able to produce human insulin by inserting a foreign gene into bacterial DNA. This technique is an example of • DNA fingerprinting. • recombinant DNA technology. • gene mutation. • cloning.

  34. END OF SHOW

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