Early Humans

1. Early Humans SOL 2

2. First Things First! Dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago. The first human like hominids did not appear until around 3 million years ago. Thus, no matter what you may have seen in the movies, early man did not live during the same period in history as dinosaurs!

3. How do we know about history? Anthropology is the study of the origins and development of people and their societies. Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that studies the physical remains of a civilization. Archaeologists study artifacts, objects made by human beings. • By looking at artifacts they can see how people developed technology, the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs.

4. Archaeology • Archaeologists analyze • human remains • fossils • artifacts • Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts and to determine their age.

5. Carbon Dating • Carbon dating can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that were once alive • All living things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from the sun while they are alive. • If we know how much Carbon 14 something has left we can count back to how much is had to begin with to determine the age of the artifact. Is limited to things 50,000 years old or less. • Thermo luminescence Dating: Measures the light given off by the electrons in soil surrounding artifacts. Can measure up to 200,000 years.

7. Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.

8. Aleppo and Jericho are examples of early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists.

9. Catalhöyük is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia.

10. Famous People • Mary Leaky: Found footprints of earliest humanlike in Eastern Africa. • Donald Johanson: Found a complete adult female skeleton in Ethiopa (E. Africa) • Named her “Lucy”

11. Here's Lucy

12. 1 How Do Historians Reconstruct the Past? • Historians rely primarily on written evidence to determine how people lived in the past. • Recorded history began about 5,000 years ago, when people began to keep written records. • Historians are like detectives • Sometimes they come to different conclusions.

13. Archeology Scooby Doo • We found these pots and spoons next to a skeleton scoooob… • Who were theses people? How did they live? What did they eat? • Lets keep diggin so we can……solve this mystery! • In order to solve the mystery they need to find out Who these people were, why they died, where they came from,

14. Primary vs. Secondary Sources Primary source- created by a person who lived during a historical event; they may have participated or been a witness. Example: letter, diary, speech, cartoon Secondary source- created from primary sources by people who were not present at the original event. Example: history book, biography

15. Homo sapiens emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. • Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.

16. Prehistory The time period before writing was invented is known as Prehistory. History is the time period after writing was invented. Prehistory is also known as the Stone Age. The Stone Age has two parts: Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Era New Stone Age or Neolithic Era

17. Early humans were hunters-gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals. • They were nomadic and often migrated to find food.

18. Early Hominids • Earliest Humans in East Africa • Australopithecus- “southern ape” • 4.4 million years- oldest human ancestor • Lucy • 3.2 million years old • Walked upright • Nomads- small hunting groups moving often in search of food • Primitive tools- sticks, spears and axes

19. Species of Hominids • Homo habilis- “person with ability” • First to make tools • Homo erectus- “person who walks upright” • First to make fire and clothing • Homo sapiens- “person who thinks”

20. Homo Sapiens- Neanderthal • Technological Innovations • Spear points • Build shelters • Lace skins for clothing • Social Behaviors • Burials of dead • Care for sick and old

21. Homo Sapiens- Cro-Magnon • Technological Innovations • Knives, bow and arrow, bone tools • Sewed leather clothing • Pottery • Social Behaviors • Cooperative big-game hunts • High status burials • Cave paintings

23. Artist John Gurche used the latest forensic techniques, fossil discoveries, and 20 years of experience to create the lifelike reconstructions of early humans on display in the Hall of Human Origins. The painstaking process required a detailed knowledge of human and ape anatomy. It took Gurche 2½ years to complete these busts. Source: Smithsonian Museum of Natural History

24. Environmental changes Four Ice Ages- Two million to 10,000 years ago Spreading of Glaciers Leads to development of clothing Seek shelter in caves Fire

25. Paleolithic- Old Stone Age Time Period: 400,000-8000BC Hunter-gatherer societies: Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter) Invented the first tools, including simple weapons Lived in clans Clothing

26. Paleolithic • Learned how to make and use fire • Cook food -Scare away animals • Keep warm -Live in caves • Developed oral language • Allows people to work together • Give specific instructions • Exchange ideas • Pass on culture from generation to generation • Created “cave art”

27. Lascaux Cave Paintings

28. Neolithic- New Stone Age • Developed agriculture- domesticated plants- Agricultural Revolution • Domesticated animals • Used advanced tools • wheel/axel • Made pottery • Developed weaving skills All of these innovations led to a population increase,

29. Copper and Bronze Ages 4000-1000BC Iron Age begin 1000 BC and people begin to keep written records Specialization of labor- when people are given specific tasks to accomplish rather than having everyone hunt or gather.

31. Terms from page 22 • Artifact • Culture • Technology • Hunter-gatherer • Neolithic revolution • Domestication • Civilization • Specialization • Institution • Bronze age

32. Artifact Human made object from the past Used to tell how humans lived

33. Culture How people lived, language, beliefs, traditions, customs, dress, climate, topography,

34. technology New tools and weapons to make life, work easier

35. Hunter-gatherer Hunted for food during Paleolithic era Gathered, foraged, collected anything they could eat

36. Neolithic Revolution People began farming instead of hunting/gathering

37. domestication taming animals to raise at home or on a farm

38. civilization where and how people lived Language, govt, jobs, laws

39. specialization skills people have and the jobs they do

40. institution organized, long-lasting pattern of living- govt, schools, programs

41. Bronze Age made tools out of bronze Began in 3000 bce

42. Test Review Study all warm-up questions by covering up the answers and checking what you know Study the early man packet Study the unit review- last page of packet

43. Test Review Locate the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn Hunter gatherers migrated to find food Humans first appeared in Africa around 100,000 to 400,000

44. Paleolithic era- lived in clans, used fire, migrated to find food, clay pottery, cave art, weaving

45. Neolithic Era- AGRICULTURE

46. Know your sources Primary Secondary

47. Beginning of history Written language began the historical period of time

48. Archeological digging artifacts found deeper are older and artifacts found shallower are newer

49. What is this???

50. Housing why did people live in igloos, huts, caves, or sod houses?