Computer Hardware

1. Computer Hardware Chapter 3

2. Section I Computer System: End user and Enterprise Computing

3. A Brief History Of Computer Hardware • The word Calculate drawn from a Latin word “calculus” meaning “small stones” suggests that pebbles were arranged to form abacus , arguably first human made computing device • 1642: Blaise Pascal machine like odometer • 1880: Babbages Analytical Engine With Punched Cards • 1946: Moore School Of Engineering ENIAC with use of vacuum tubes • 1950: Transistor based digital computer • 1982: IBM PC was born

4. CASE 1 REAL WORLD • Global pharmaceuticals needed to fix IT asset management problem • 255 offices in 147 countries, 67000 employees using 90,000 hardware and software assets. • Microsoft recommended French company BDNA Corp. • Before PS. Soft we did not have global view, budgets were managed at site offices impossible to get detail snapshot. • Achieved cost saving, strength, confidence, knowledge. • United Health Group grown through acquisition and have unnecessary IT diversity. • Hercules program focusing on standardization of management processes. • $42 million annual savings, managed end users nearly four times • Canadian based company making intelligent decisions in life cycle management . Risk management , disaster recovery program, un controlled corporate growth

5. Examples • Grumman : Los Angels based company 5,500 units of Black Berries • Cost isn’t the issue, connectivity is • CIO of Boeing “some people simply must be connected” • CISCO 30000 remote users in 100 countries • US state Police contains 200 million citizens information on their black berry • Do background checks on suspicious vehicles and persons

6. Types of Computer Systems • Computer systems have variety of sizes and shapes:- • Most important category is Microcomputers, Personal computers (PCs), Midrange or ‘mini’ computers, Notebook, Laptop, • Computer Terminals :dumb terminals, POS, ATM • Network computers • Used for accessing networks by operational employees , Internet connectivity • Total cost of ownership is low • Information Appliances: • Always “On” and connected, PDA’s, Cell Phones, Black Berry • Devices available for games and internet, Xbox , playstation

7. Corporate PC Criteria • Solid performance at reasonable price • Operating system ready • Connectivity • Security Equipped

8. Midrange Systems • Mid range Systems are primarily high end network servers that can handle the large scale processing. • For industrial process control ,CAD/CAM, web server • Mainframe computers • Large , fast and powerful super servers, shared by hundreds concurrently • Information processing need of major corporations like banks, airlines, oil companies, government agencies • Supercomputers • Extremely powerful with fastest processing speeds

9. And the Oscar Goes to…Penguins and 2000 Blade Servers • Blade server Entire computer that fits on a single, thin card (or blade) and that is plugged into a single chassis to save space, power and complexity. • Blade servers cost 30 to 50 percent less than traditional servers • Due to low power consumption, reduced cabling, smaller size • Possible to install up to 280 blades in single cabinet

10. Supercomputer • Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. • Other uses of supercomputers include business application in ecommerce, dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. • Super computers use parallel processing architecture of interconnected micro processors. • The principal difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.

11. Super Computer Aid Satellite Launches

12. Increasing size and power So… Computer terminal Personal computer Network computer Mainframe computer Supercomputer

13. Technical Note: The computer system concept • A computer is a high powered collection of electronic devices, performing a variety of information processing chores. • A computer is a system of hardware devices organized according to following system functions • Input • Processing • Output • Storage • Control

14. The computer system concept Processing device Controlunit Arithmetic/ logic unit Input devices Output devices Register storage area Cache Memory Secondarystorage

15. Clock speed • Predetermined rate a CPU produces a series of electronic pulses. • Hertz (Hz) • One cycle or pulse per second • Gigahertz (GHz) • Millions of cycles per second • MIPS • Throughput or ability to perform useful computational during given period

16. Moore’s Law: Where do we go from here • Moore's Law and Microprocessing Power: • Moore's law stated in 1965 that micro-processing power doubles every two years. Variations of this law assert that • Microprocessing power (transistor per IC)doubles every 18 months • Computer storage power doubles every 18 months • The price of computing reduced half every 18 months.

17. Moore’s Law: Where do we go from here

18. Moore’s Law: Where do we go from here

19. Section II • Computer Peripherals: Input, Output and Storage Technologies

20. Input Technologies • Inputis all information put into a computer. Input can be supplied from a variety of sources: • Input devices gather and translate data into a form the computer understands. • A person • Another computer • Another piece of equipment, such as a musical instrument or thermometer

21. Primary Input Devices • Keyboard - Most common input device; used to type in commands and data. • Specialized keyboards for blinds • customized keys for fast food • Pointing Devices- they worked with operating system GUI • Mouse or trackball enhances user’s ability to input commands, manipulate text, images. • Pointing stick: small button like device • Touchpad • Touch screens • Pen based computing: hand writing recognition system • LCDs have a pressure sensitive layer

22. Speech recognition system: the future of the data entry • Continues speech recognition system • Speaker independent voice recognition • Optical Scanners are peripheral input devices which allow users to import: Text, Graphics, Images • Specialized software aids in translating information into a format the computer can understand and manipulate. • OCR : optical character recognition

23. Digital Cameras are peripheral input devices that allow users to create pictures and/or movies in a digital format. • Some require specialized software to import images into the computer. • Some record digital images directly to a disk that can be read by the computer. • Smart Cards • Magnetic strip and microprocessor based • Joystick useful in education and games.

24. Output Technologies • Output units store and display information (calculated results and other messages) for us to see and use. • Monitors are the most commonly used output device. • Monitors are connected to a computer system via a port integrated on the videoadapter or graphics card. • Hi-resolution monitors come in two types: • Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube. • Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored light to pass through it. • Developed primarily for portable computers.

25. Video output • Most monitors use a bitmap display. • Allows user to resize the display. • Divides the screen into a matrix of tiny square “dots” called pixels. • The more “dots” a screen can display, the higher the resolution of the monitor. • Projection systems or multimedia can display information from a computer system on a larger screen for whole-class instruction.

26. Printed output • Printers • Dot matrix • Bubble/Ink jet • Thermal transfer • Laser • Plotters

27. Storage Trade offs • Computer Storage Fundamentals • Data and information must be stored until needed • There are many types of storage media and devices available. • Bit- the smallest element of data called . The term was first used in 1946 by John Tukey, a leading statistician and adviser to five presidents. • Short for binary digit, A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. • More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits. • ASCII use various arrangements of bits

28. Direct and Sequential Access • Type of Access • Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached (as in magnetic tape). • Random Access - Direct access (RAM and hard disks).

29. Semiconductor Memory • Primary storage or memory: Where the data and program that are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use. • Consists of microelectronic memory chips: Extremely fast and expensive. Two types: • RAM (non-permanent) • Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use. • Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down. • ROM (permanent) • Contents do not change. • Nonvolatile

30. Magnetic Disks • Most common form of secondary storage • Magnetic Disks contains metal disks that are coated with an Iron Oxide recording material, FDD,HDD • RAID computer storage equipment: Redundant Array Of Independent Disks (RAID ), they combines from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives and their control micro processor into a single RAID unit • Magnetic Tape: major application of magnetic tape is long term archival

32. Optical Disk • An optical disk is a compact disk or CD. The formatting of the optical disk will dictate whether it is a blueray, DVD, CD, read-only or rewritable. • Optical disks have replaced records, cassette tapes, videotapes and floppy disks. • Compact, lightweight, durable and digital, the optical disk also provides a minimum of 650 megabytes (MB) of data storage. A double-layered and double-sided DVD optical disk holds up to 15.9 gigabytes (GB) of data. • As the disk spins, a laser beam follows a spiraling trail of pits and lands in the plastic material of the disk. The pits reflect light differently than the lands, while a device translates the reflective difference to bits of “on/off” or 1 and 0.

33. Radio Frequency Identification • Newest storage technology • RFID is a system for tagging and identifying mobile objects • RFID works using small hardware Called RFID chips , smaller than a grain of sand. • Two general types of RFID • Passive RFID do not have a power source and must derive power from signal sent from the reader • Active RFID, self powered

34. RFID Privacy Issues • RFID tags refers to spy chips • Owner of an item will not necessarily be aware of the presence of an RFID tag. • It can gather sensitive data and even credit card. • Read range of cards are increasing.(30-100 feet) • uses of RFID, automatic photographed, webcam images can be viewed from miles, RFID chips are in humans, RFID chips hacking • RFID enabled magzines • Measure mags readership • Which pages, open close time of mag

35. Predictions for the future • Computer will enable people to live forever • Nanobots ll room in our blood and organs for fixing diseases • Nano biological intelligence • Human body ver. 1.0 • Back up of memory /intelligence • Virtual reality girls/boys • Biological computer generated virus 