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Computer Hardware. Chapter 3. Section I. Computer System: End user and Enterprise Computing. A Brief History Of Computer Hardware.
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Computer Hardware Chapter 3
Section I Computer System: End user and Enterprise Computing
A Brief History Of Computer Hardware • The word Calculate drawn from a Latin word “calculus” meaning “small stones” suggests that pebbles were arranged to form abacus , arguably first human made computing device • 1642: Blaise Pascal machine like odometer • 1880: Babbages Analytical Engine With Punched Cards • 1946: Moore School Of Engineering ENIAC with use of vacuum tubes • 1950: Transistor based digital computer • 1982: IBM PC was born
CASE 1 REAL WORLD • Global pharmaceuticals needed to fix IT asset management problem • 255 offices in 147 countries, 67000 employees using 90,000 hardware and software assets. • Microsoft recommended French company BDNA Corp. • Before PS. Soft we did not have global view, budgets were managed at site offices impossible to get detail snapshot. • Achieved cost saving, strength, confidence, knowledge. • United Health Group grown through acquisition and have unnecessary IT diversity. • Hercules program focusing on standardization of management processes. • $42 million annual savings, managed end users nearly four times • Canadian based company making intelligent decisions in life cycle management . Risk management , disaster recovery program, un controlled corporate growth
Examples • Grumman : Los Angels based company 5,500 units of Black Berries • Cost isn’t the issue, connectivity is • CIO of Boeing “some people simply must be connected” • CISCO 30000 remote users in 100 countries • US state Police contains 200 million citizens information on their black berry • Do background checks on suspicious vehicles and persons
Types of Computer Systems • Computer systems have variety of sizes and shapes:- • Most important category is Microcomputers, Personal computers (PCs), Midrange or ‘mini’ computers, Notebook, Laptop, • Computer Terminals :dumb terminals, POS, ATM • Network computers • Used for accessing networks by operational employees , Internet connectivity • Total cost of ownership is low • Information Appliances: • Always “On” and connected, PDA’s, Cell Phones, Black Berry • Devices available for games and internet, Xbox , playstation
Corporate PC Criteria • Solid performance at reasonable price • Operating system ready • Connectivity • Security Equipped
Midrange Systems • Mid range Systems are primarily high end network servers that can handle the large scale processing. • For industrial process control ,CAD/CAM, web server • Mainframe computers • Large , fast and powerful super servers, shared by hundreds concurrently • Information processing need of major corporations like banks, airlines, oil companies, government agencies • Supercomputers • Extremely powerful with fastest processing speeds
And the Oscar Goes to…Penguins and 2000 Blade Servers • Blade server Entire computer that fits on a single, thin card (or blade) and that is plugged into a single chassis to save space, power and complexity. • Blade servers cost 30 to 50 percent less than traditional servers • Due to low power consumption, reduced cabling, smaller size • Possible to install up to 280 blades in single cabinet
Supercomputer • Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. • Other uses of supercomputers include business application in ecommerce, dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. • Super computers use parallel processing architecture of interconnected micro processors. • The principal difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.
Increasing size and power So… Computer terminal Personal computer Network computer Mainframe computer Supercomputer
Technical Note: The computer system concept • A computer is a high powered collection of electronic devices, performing a variety of information processing chores. • A computer is a system of hardware devices organized according to following system functions • Input • Processing • Output • Storage • Control
The computer system concept Processing device Controlunit Arithmetic/ logic unit Input devices Output devices Register storage area Cache Memory Secondarystorage
Clock speed • Predetermined rate a CPU produces a series of electronic pulses. • Hertz (Hz) • One cycle or pulse per second • Gigahertz (GHz) • Millions of cycles per second • MIPS • Throughput or ability to perform useful computational during given period
Moore’s Law: Where do we go from here • Moore's Law and Microprocessing Power: • Moore's law stated in 1965 that micro-processing power doubles every two years. Variations of this law assert that • Microprocessing power (transistor per IC)doubles every 18 months • Computer storage power doubles every 18 months • The price of computing reduced half every 18 months.
Section II • Computer Peripherals: Input, Output and Storage Technologies
Input Technologies • Inputis all information put into a computer. Input can be supplied from a variety of sources: • Input devices gather and translate data into a form the computer understands. • A person • Another computer • Another piece of equipment, such as a musical instrument or thermometer
Primary Input Devices • Keyboard - Most common input device; used to type in commands and data. • Specialized keyboards for blinds • customized keys for fast food • Pointing Devices- they worked with operating system GUI • Mouse or trackball enhances user’s ability to input commands, manipulate text, images. • Pointing stick: small button like device • Touchpad • Touch screens • Pen based computing: hand writing recognition system • LCDs have a pressure sensitive layer
Speech recognition system: the future of the data entry • Continues speech recognition system • Speaker independent voice recognition • Optical Scanners are peripheral input devices which allow users to import: Text, Graphics, Images • Specialized software aids in translating information into a format the computer can understand and manipulate. • OCR : optical character recognition
Digital Cameras are peripheral input devices that allow users to create pictures and/or movies in a digital format. • Some require specialized software to import images into the computer. • Some record digital images directly to a disk that can be read by the computer. • Smart Cards • Magnetic strip and microprocessor based • Joystick useful in education and games.
Output Technologies • Output units store and display information (calculated results and other messages) for us to see and use. • Monitors are the most commonly used output device. • Monitors are connected to a computer system via a port integrated on the videoadapter or graphics card. • Hi-resolution monitors come in two types: • Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube. • Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored light to pass through it. • Developed primarily for portable computers.
Video output • Most monitors use a bitmap display. • Allows user to resize the display. • Divides the screen into a matrix of tiny square “dots” called pixels. • The more “dots” a screen can display, the higher the resolution of the monitor. • Projection systems or multimedia can display information from a computer system on a larger screen for whole-class instruction.
Printed output • Printers • Dot matrix • Bubble/Ink jet • Thermal transfer • Laser • Plotters
Storage Trade offs • Computer Storage Fundamentals • Data and information must be stored until needed • There are many types of storage media and devices available. • Bit- the smallest element of data called . The term was first used in 1946 by John Tukey, a leading statistician and adviser to five presidents. • Short for binary digit, A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. • More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits. • ASCII use various arrangements of bits
Direct and Sequential Access • Type of Access • Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached (as in magnetic tape). • Random Access - Direct access (RAM and hard disks).
Semiconductor Memory • Primary storage or memory: Where the data and program that are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use. • Consists of microelectronic memory chips: Extremely fast and expensive. Two types: • RAM (non-permanent) • Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use. • Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down. • ROM (permanent) • Contents do not change. • Nonvolatile
Magnetic Disks • Most common form of secondary storage • Magnetic Disks contains metal disks that are coated with an Iron Oxide recording material, FDD,HDD • RAID computer storage equipment: Redundant Array Of Independent Disks (RAID ), they combines from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives and their control micro processor into a single RAID unit • Magnetic Tape: major application of magnetic tape is long term archival
Optical Disk • An optical disk is a compact disk or CD. The formatting of the optical disk will dictate whether it is a blueray, DVD, CD, read-only or rewritable. • Optical disks have replaced records, cassette tapes, videotapes and floppy disks. • Compact, lightweight, durable and digital, the optical disk also provides a minimum of 650 megabytes (MB) of data storage. A double-layered and double-sided DVD optical disk holds up to 15.9 gigabytes (GB) of data. • As the disk spins, a laser beam follows a spiraling trail of pits and lands in the plastic material of the disk. The pits reflect light differently than the lands, while a device translates the reflective difference to bits of “on/off” or 1 and 0.
Radio Frequency Identification • Newest storage technology • RFID is a system for tagging and identifying mobile objects • RFID works using small hardware Called RFID chips , smaller than a grain of sand. • Two general types of RFID • Passive RFID do not have a power source and must derive power from signal sent from the reader • Active RFID, self powered
RFID Privacy Issues • RFID tags refers to spy chips • Owner of an item will not necessarily be aware of the presence of an RFID tag. • It can gather sensitive data and even credit card. • Read range of cards are increasing.(30-100 feet) • uses of RFID, automatic photographed, webcam images can be viewed from miles, RFID chips are in humans, RFID chips hacking • RFID enabled magzines • Measure mags readership • Which pages, open close time of mag
Predictions for the future • Computer will enable people to live forever • Nanobots ll room in our blood and organs for fixing diseases • Nano biological intelligence • Human body ver. 1.0 • Back up of memory /intelligence • Virtual reality girls/boys • Biological computer generated virus