The Protists Chapter 19.1 page 502 - 525

1. The Protists Chapter 19.1page 502 - 525 The Fungi Chapter 20Page 528 - 547

2. 10. (503) What is a protist? Kingdom Protista: • Most diverse kingdom • Unicellular • Many multicellular • Microscopic • Very large • Some make own food, some don’t 1) What then, do all protists have in common? They are all ____________ • membrane bound organelles • Nucleus eukaryotes

3. (503) Protozoan protozoan • A ______________ is a unicellular animal. • Moist environments • Very diverse group • All feed on other organism (dead or alive) They are therefore _______________. • Four Diverse Groups • Amoebas (have pseudopodia) (504) • Flagellates (have flagella) (506) • Ciliates (have cilia) (506) • Sporozoans (parasites) (508) heterotrophs

4. Amoeba (504) 14,17. Moves by sending out extensions of plasma membrane to move and feed (505) (504) • These extensions are called ___________. • Do not have a cell wall (504) • To feed, the pseudopodia surrounds the food (504) pseudopodia Video: amoeba

5. Amoeba Contractile vacuoles • Amoebas can remove excessive water with little pumps called ___________ ________ (505) • Found in moist environments (504) (505) • Amoebas found in the sea are part of the ______ • Plankton is assortment of organism that float in oceans and form base of the ocean’s food chain. • Radiolarians are an important part of plankton too. (505) • Most amoebas reproduce by ________________ (505) plankton Asexual reproduction

6. Flagellates (505) • Get their name because they are protists with one or more ____________. (506) • Flagella allow for the protist to move about. (506) • Some flagellates are parasites, causing diseases like sleeping sickness. (506) • Some protozoa are found in the guts of termites and will digest cellulose as food.(506) flagella Video- dinoflagellates

7. Paramecium Ciliate (506) cilia 15,16. What are ciliates? • Contain _________, hair-like projections to move from place to place (507) • Paramecia are one of the largest unicellular organisms. (507) • Use cilia, oral groove, gullet and food vacuole for digestion. (507) (504) Stentor

8. (507)

9. conjugation • Paramecia reproduce asexually and sexually by _____________. In this process paramecia join and exchange genetic material. • Also paramecia divide through asexual reproduction, by dividing into two identical daughter cells. (508)

10. Sporozoans (508) spores • Most of the Protist are in the group Sporozoans, which produce __________. (508) • Spores is a reproductive cell with a hard outer coat that produces a new organism without fertilization. (508) (508) (509) • All are __________ • This is the life cycle of malaria, a disease caused by a Sporozoans through life cycle of a Mosquito. parasites

11. Algae: Plantlike Protist 19.2What are algae? • Protists that photosynthesize are algae. (510) • Use of chlorophyll to trap energy from sun. (510) • Up to 4 kinds of chlorophyll w/ various pigments. (variety of colors in algae) (510) • Can be unicellular or multicellular. (510) 7. Photosynthesizing algae are called ________________ (510) Diversity of Algae (511) • Six phyla of algae (511) • Three of phyla (euglenoids, diatoms & dinoflagellates) are unicellular (511) phytoplankton

12. Euglenoids (511) What are euglenoids? (511) • Have both plant and animal characteristics. • Contain chlorophyll & photosynthesize but don’t have cellulose or cell wall • Can take in food similar to protozoans • Have one or more flagella to move toward food or light videos

13. (511)

14. 9. Diatoms: The golden algae (512) • Unicellular photosynthesizing organisms • Make up a large part of phytoplankton in fresh and salt water ecosystems • Shells made of silica with two parts • Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid (golden-yellow color) • Oil in diatoms helps diatoms float on surface

15. Dinoflagellates (513) 13. Have two (2) flagella located in grooves. 13. Cell spins slowly as flagella beat. • Phytoplankton in salt water. 8.Cause _________ , that kill fish, and shellfish. (513) Red tide

16. Red Tide

17. Red Algae (514) The next three phyla of algae has to do with their color: red, brown, and green algae. • Red algae are seaweeds. The body of the seaweed is called a ___________. Seaweeds lack roots, stems, and leaves. • Red algae can survive deep water because light is absorbed in the green, violet and blue pigments. Red is the part of light spectrum that can penetrate deep water (below 100m) thallus

18. Brown Algae (514) Bladders • Brown algae are found in cool ocean water. • Many have ____________ that keep bodies floating near the surface. • The largest of the brown algae are _________ • Kelp forest are ecosystems. kelp

19. Kelp (multicellular seaweed) (514) Looks like plants but is not; no roots, stems or leaves Has hold fasts to attach to rock

20. Green algae reproduction (515) • Reproduce sexually and asexually • Individual organism breaks into pieces and each piece forms a new organism. This type of reproduction is called ___________. • Life cycles that alternate between individuals that produce spores and individuals that produce gametes are called _____________ • Alternates between haploid and _________. fragmentation Alternation of generation (516) diploid Forms sex cells Forms body cells

21. Alternation of generations Meiosis Diploid Mature Cell Zoospores Zygote Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction + Haploid - Chapter 20

22. What is a fungus? Chapter 20(529) Characteristics of Fungi: • Are everywhere • Grow best in moist, warm environments 4. Have cell walls but not of ___________, like plants. Cell walls of ____________. (513) cellulose chitin

23. What is the structure of fungi? hyphae 33. Most are multicellular and have long threadlike filaments called _________ (530) • Hyphae grow from __________. (530) • As hyphae grow they form an network of filaments called a _______________. (530) spores mycelium

24. How do fungi get food?(531) heterotrophs Fungi can not make their own food, they are • Food is digested ___________ the fungus’s cells and then food is absorbed. • By digestive ___________ • Enzymes break down large food molecules into small food molecules • Small food molecules move into the hyphae. (by Osmosis) outside enzymes

25. Reproduction in Fungi Fragmentation • Asexual reproduction by pieces of mycelium breaking off: ______________ • Another asexual in which a new individual pinches off from the parent is __________ budding

26. Basidiomycotes • Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nests fungi, rust, smut, and bracket fungi.

27. Basidiomycotes club Basidia • Basidiomycotes have ______ - shaped hyphae called __________. • The spores that are produced are ________________ Basidiospores

28. Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens 6. Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that benefit both species 3. A fungus that has a symbiotic relationship a plant and its roots is ______________ 5. Fine, threadlike hyphae grow around the plant’s roots without harming the plant. The hyphae maintain water around roots. The fungus receives organic nutrients from the plant. mycorrhizae

29. Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens lichen Green algae 2. A _________ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and _____________. • The fungus portion forms a dense web of hyphae, the algae grows inside the web. • The algae provides food for both organisms, the fungus protects the algae from changes in the environment. • Often first to colonize an area in primary succession.