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HELLENISTIC ERA

HELLENISTIC ERA. Statue of Alexander. Timeline. 404 End of Pelopennesian War 359 Phillip ascends throne of Macedon 338 Battle at Chaeroneia & Hellenic League 336 Alexander ascends throne 332 Conquers Egypt 330 Final defeat of Persian forces 326 subdue eastern provinces

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HELLENISTIC ERA

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  1. HELLENISTIC ERA Statue of Alexander

  2. Timeline 404 End of Pelopennesian War 359 Phillip ascends throne of Macedon 338 Battle at Chaeroneia & Hellenic League 336 Alexander ascends throne 332 Conquers Egypt 330 Final defeat of Persian forces 326 subdue eastern provinces 323 Alexander dies

  3. Phillip (359-336 BCE) • prisoner of Thebes for three years • King by blood but acclaimed by army • nation was considered “barbarian” by the Greeks • slow expansion and skillful diplomacy. Phillip of MacedonAthens Museum of Art

  4. Macedonian Expansion • Series of small wars - built upon skillful diplomacy • opposition of Demosthenes of Athens • value of oratory in Greece • in the Phillipics laments disunion amongst Greek states • battle of Chaeroneia 338 BCE • builds goodwill amongst defeated poleis • Hellenic League founded • peace in Greece • autonomy • alliance with Phillip as commander for invasion of Asia.

  5. Emergence of Alexander • 336 Phillip is assassinated • Alexander proclaimed King by Macedonian army • Trained well for this role • Aristotle is tutor • At 17 Phillip’s regent in Macedonia and fought successfully against Illyrians • At 18 led left wing at battle of Chaeroneia • At 19 exiled because of political maneuverings of new queen’s family.

  6. Military Preparations • Assembles a huge force from around Greece • 5,000 horsemen • 30,000 foot: 12,000 Macedonian Phalanx • many of the other forces were mercenaries • no navy.

  7. Asia Minor • Begin by crossing into Greek regions held by the Persian king (Ionia) in 334 BCE • defeat of navy by capturing coastal territory • why would this work? • Fight against small independent lords • who were their soldiers?

  8. Mediterranean Coast • Marches quickly and gets through the passes into Syria • Battle at Issus • victory in close battle because Darius flees • does not pursue, continues with master plan • push south to capture Egypt • grateful to be liberated from Persian rule, Egypt proclaims Alexander descended from Zeus and made him a Pharaoh • crowned as a legitimate ruler, no uprisings • founds Alexandria.

  9. First major battle

  10. Persia • Leaving Egypt, the large army moves east • army bolstered by Greek mercenaries and Egyptian troops • 331 BCE defeat a larger Persian army at Gaugamela • Darius flees and is assassinated by a relative • Alexander captures Babylon and then Persepolis, which he burned (payback for burning of Athens) • Greek troops supporting Darius surrender and join Alexander.

  11. Last major battle against Persian forces Persian capital burned

  12. Persia • Alexander sends Hellenic league troops home • keeps all volunteers for a journey of expansion, discovery • moves north and east, conquering former Persian satrapies • founds forts and cities (Alexandrias) to spread Greek culture and administrative stability • conquers all of the Persian empire • expands into India • fights elephants, sends a fleet to the Persian Gulf.

  13. Map of the Empire 323 BCE Final Battle of Alexander’s campaign

  14. Long Lasting Changes • Finance officers to supervise taxation and expenditures - responsible only to Alexander • new coinage system • dream of one nation (megalopolis) • make 10,000 soldiers marry Persian women • built cities, rise of urban culture • international army • one language • spread of Greek culture and ideas.

  15. Divine Kingship • New concept to the west • King worshipped as a god • prostration • elaborate ceremony and clothing.

  16. Hellenistic Science • Use of math as a method to investigate natural phenomenon • empirical research to prove or disprove a hypothesis • no great advances • preservation of the earlier Greek thinkers and scholars.

  17. Hellenistic Artwork Laocoon - in Pergamun

  18. Hellenistic Artwork Adaptation of Greek Sculpture Alexander’s tomb

  19. Hellenistic Philosophy • Striving for peace and tranquility in a turbulent world • Epicureanism • values withdrawal from civic life, passivity • need ability to act by yourself, gods are weak • rationality and moderation • open to all people.

  20. Hellenistic Philosophy • Stoicism • Zeno • universe contains order • reason allows the following of the natural law • self mastery or inner peace follows following the will of the natural powers.

  21. Death of Alexander • Dies at a party • poisoning or heart gives out? • Last words are “my kingdom goes to the strongest” • ushers in an era of instability and warfare • generals fight over the territory and eventually the empire is divided.

  22. Empire after Alexander’s Death • Warfare amongst the generals • establishment of Kingdoms • continual fighting amongst the Hellenistic Kingdoms • all are eventually defeated • Pergamum willed to Rome 133 BCE • Ptolemaic lasts the longest 31 BCE • Cleopatra.

  23. Hellenistic World 240 BCE

  24. Hellenistic World 90 BCE

  25. Why did the Hellenistic Kingdoms fail to last? Rome

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