TRANSLATION AND CULTURE (1)

1. TRANSLATION AND CULTURE (1)

2. The connection between language and culture (Snell-Hornby,1988:40) • Language was something dynamic: it was an activity rather than a static inventory of items as the product of activity. • Language is an expression of culture and individuality of the speakers, who perceive the world through language.

3. C U L T U R E Culture is a complex collection of experiences which condition daily life; it includes history, social structure, religion, tradition customs and everyday usage. ( the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader)

4. CULTURE AND TRANSLATION Related to translation, culture manifests in two ways: The concept/ reference of the vocabulary items is somehow specific to the source language culture The concept/ reference is actually general but expressed in a way specific to the source language culture.

5. Teoriticalythe degree of probability for perfect translation depends on how far the source language text is embedded in its culture and the greater the distance between the culture between SLT and TLT

6. Two principles of translation • The translator can bring his fellow country a true and clear picture of the foreign author and foreign circumstances, keeping strictly to the original • He can treat the foreign work as a writer treats his material, altering it after his own tastes and convictions, so that it is brought closer to his fellow

7. Culture as a dynamic process, changes rapidly. • Translation involves the transfer of meaning contain in one set of language signs into another set of language signs through component use dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extralinguistic criteria also. (Mc Guire 1991 : 13)

8. Doing a translation Words Text Context (situation and culture)

9. Linguistic competence is an abstraction which ignore the relevance of socio-cultural features to language acquisition. Translator’s communicatively appropriate in both SL and TL communities and individual acts of translation may be evaluated in terms of their appropriateness to the context of their use.

10. Once upon a time, a guy asked a girl, “Will you marry me?”. And the girl said “No”. And the guy lived happily ever after and rode motorcycles and went fishing and hunting and played golf a lot and drank beer and scotchand had tons of money in the bank and left the toilet seat up and farted whenever he wanted

11. The Goal of the translator is • to communicate to the receptor audience the same information and the same mood as was conveyed by the original document to the original audience. • If a communicator wants to communicate the same message to several different groups of people, even within his own culture, he might very well write it differently for different groups.

12. Most cultural words are easy to detect, since they are associated with a particular language cannot be literally translated, but many cultural customs are described in ordinary language. Cultural Categories (Newmark) are defined as follows : E c o l o g y, Material Cultures, Social Culture, Organisations, custom, activities, Gestures/ habit

13. Ecology (flora, fauna, winds, hills) • Material Culture (Food, Clothes, Houses, town, transport) • Social Culture (work and leisure) • Organizations, custom, activities, procedures, concept (political/administrative, religious, artistic) • Gestures and habits

14. Translation Process

15. Translation method • M1 = exotics • M2 = cultural loan • M3 = calque • M4 = communicative translation • M5 = Idiomatic translation • M6 = Adaptation ( Newmark 1988:45)

16. Ideology in Translation • The term ‘ideology’ has been always accompanied by its political connotation as it is evident in its dictionary definition as ‘a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy’ • ideas and beliefs which help to legitimate the interest of a ruling group or class by distortion or dissimulation’.

17. In field of translation, there has long been a hot debate over the proper translation strategy chosen for the transmission of cultural contents. The two major approaches are domestication and foreignization, which have been the focus of debate since their appearance.

18. DOMESTICATION refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target readers.

19. FOREIGNISATION is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one.

20. Seorang pendeta membeli kuda dan melatihnya untuk berlari ketika ia mengucap ‘Terimakasih kasih Tuhanku” dan berhenti ketika mengucap “Amin”. Suatu hari pendeta itu menaiki kudanya dan menyuruhnya berlari kencang, dan pendeta itu panik ketika melihat ada jurang di depan dan lupa cara melatih kuda tersebu, dia berteriak “ arrrggh, huh dasar kuda bodoh! Dan berhenti! Pelan-pelan! Sekitar 5 kaki dari bibir jurang pendeta itu berdoa dan mengucap “Amin”, kuda itupun berhenti tiga kaki dari bibir jurang. Lalu pendeta mengeluarkan sapu tangannya, mengusap keningnya dan mengucap “Terimakasih Tuhan”

21. Ada seekor kuda yang dibeli oleh seorang kyai dan dilatih untuk berlari dengan perintah “Alhamdulilah ya..”, dan perintah “Amin” untuk menghentikan kuda. Suatu hari kyai itu menunggang kuda dengan sangat cepat, ketika dia menuju pinggir tebing ternyata lupa apa yang telah ia latih pada kudanya dan dia berteriak “ waaa berhenti kuda tolol, jangan lari, berhenti!” kurang lebih 5 kaki dari pinggir tebing, kyai itu beruda dan ia akhiri dengan kata Amin tiba-tiba kuda itu berhenti. Setelah itu kyai itu mengambil sapu tangan sambil menghela nafas ia berkata “Alhamdulilah ya…”

22. CULTURAL UNTRANSLATABILITY • "To talk of 'cultural untranslatability' may be just another way of talking about collocation untranslatability: the impossibility of finding an equivalent collocation in the TL", • Catford (1965) describes it saying that it arises " when a situational feature, functionally relevant for the SL text, is completely absent from the culture of which the TL is a part" (p. 99) • cultural differences in fact cause untranslatability.

23. How to deal with : • Dealing with cultural untranslatability probably has to do with omitting or manipulating (i.e. altering or rewriting) the ST • Translating such culturally untranslatable items entails sufficient knowledge about the culture, demanding sensible approaches by translators.

24. 1. Free translation By replacing a social, cultural, reality of ST in TT 2. Borrowing / translation loan It does not only resolve problem of cultural untranslatability but also help to increase one’s language vocabulary. 3. Paraphrase and translator’s note Technique of paraphrasing, keep the original word without paraphrasing then add footnote/ endnote

25. Important factors in a translation (Benny Hoed) • The differences between SL and TL (each culture has a unique, sui generis) • Contextual • Translating process

26. In the framework of Vermeer’s theory, one of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the addressee, who is the intended receiver or audience of the TT with their culture-specific world-knowledge, their expectations and their communicative needs. Every translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate means “to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances”(1987a:29)

27. Cultural faithfulness should not be acquired at the expense of a vague broken language, resulting in miscomprehension or making little readability of the target text into sense. Therefore translator should also take domestication into consideration when employing the foreignizing strategy.

28. Ivir (1975:208) In addition to the requirements concerning the translator’s knowledge of two languages and two culture, there is one more procedural requirement that he should meet: he should try to establish the state of social interaction in which the original message was expressed and then adjusting his own expression of the message in translation to the characteristic of the social interaction in which he is involved with his audience…

29. There are a number of special translation problems related directly to information load: • There will be information in the source text and culture which is unknown to the speakers of the receptor language. • The receptor language will have different ways of handling old versus new information within the text itself • In each language there are expectancy chains. • Redundancy pattern and function will not match between languages. • Some implicit information load of the source language and culture will need to be made explicit in the translation.