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Transcription and Translation

Transcription and Translation. Oh so amazing…. The big QUESTION:. How does a GENE on a CHROMOSOME in the NUCLEUS in the CELL in your BODY make…. a trait? 1 st step: The DNA in our body must be decoded into RNA. Decoding messages:. DNA. RNA. Long chain of nucleotides 5-carbon sugar RIBOSE

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Transcription and Translation

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  1. Transcription and Translation Oh so amazing….

  2. The big QUESTION: • How does a GENE on a CHROMOSOME in the NUCLEUS in the CELL in your BODY make…. a trait? • 1st step: The DNA in our body must be decoded into RNA

  3. Decoding messages: DNA RNA Long chain of nucleotides 5-carbon sugar RIBOSE Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Single stranded Uracil instead of thymine • Long chain of nucleotides • 5-carbon sugar DEOXYRIBOSE • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base • DOUBLE stranded • Thymine

  4. Types of RNA See the board transcription translation

  5. Types of RNA Transcription and translation

  6. Transcription! • Transcription= copying part of the DNA sequence into a complementary sequence in RNA • RNA Polymerase: enzyme binds to promoter regions, specific sequences • Let’s try: • DNA: ATC GGA TAT • mRNA: UAG CCU AUA

  7. Ok so far we have…a strand of RNA • Next big question: How does RNA make a protein (which leads to a trait)? • We must understand the genetic code • There are 20 amino acids that occur naturally • Amino acids are the monomers of a protein • Proteins are made by joining amino acids to make a POLYPEPTIDE chain • The properties of the protein are determined by this specific amino acid sequence

  8. Codons • A codon= three nucleotides in a row that correspond to a specific amino acid! • Figure 12-7…a good friend to you.

  9. Find the amino acid sequence: • DNA: ATC GGA TAT • Comp. Strand: TAG CCT ATA • mRNA: AUC GGA UAU • Protein: Isoleucine-Glycine-Tyrosine

  10. Now we have…some codons • Next Big question: How do we make a protein out of a bunch of mRNA codons? • Translation: the comeback of the ribosome • Translation= decoding the message from mRNA (the codons) into a polypeptide chain

  11. Translation: • The cell goes through a lot of trouble to synthesize proteins correctly because they: • Define what cell looks like • Define how it functions • How it makes enzymes • How it moves • How it provides support • How it regulates life processes…..whew!

  12. Overview of Translation:

  13. Step 1: Translation • Like we did before, the mRNA message must be transcribed from the DNA in the nucleus • The mRNA is released from the nucleus to the cytoplasm • U’s replace T’s! Don’t forget!

  14. Step 2: Translation

  15. Step 2: Translation • mRNA attaches to the ribosome • Codons move through the ribosome • As it moves through, the proper amino acid is brought to the ribosome by the tRNA • The tRNA attaches the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain • It knows which one to fetch because it has the ANTICODON- like velcro.

  16. Step 2: Translation

  17. Step 3: Translation • The ribosome forms peptide bonds between amino acids • At the same time, ribosome breaks bond with tRNA • Continues to grow until a stop codon is reached • Releases the polypeptide

  18. Genes and Proteins • STILL…what do proteins have to do with hair color, eye color, lactose intolerance etc? • Many proteins are enzymes • Enzymes control pigment production • Enzymes control antigens in blood type • Enzymes control rate and pattern of growth

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