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Transcription and Translation

Transcription and Translation. Alexandra Costanzo -- Lake Shore. Transcription. Chargaff’s Rule. States that the DNA from any cell of an organism should have a ratio of 1:1. More specifically there is equal amounts of adenine and thymine, and cytosine equals guanine. Base Pairing.

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Transcription and Translation

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  1. Transcription and Translation Alexandra Costanzo -- Lake Shore

  2. Transcription

  3. Chargaff’s Rule • States that the DNA from any cell of an organism should have a ratio of 1:1. • More specifically there is equal amounts of adenine and thymine, and cytosine equals guanine.

  4. Base Pairing • A (Adenine) = T (Thymine) • C (Cytosine) = G (Guanine) • Whatever the amount of adenine in the DNA of the organism, there will be an equal amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine is equal to the amount of guanine.

  5. Steps of Transcription • DNA in Nucleus • DNA uncoil Helix Structure • DNA unzips • mRNA makes a copy of DNA strand • mRNA is released to ribosome

  6. The DNA in the Nucleus

  7. The DNA Uncoils A T T A G C A T C G T A C G G C A T C G

  8. Unzipping the DNA A T T A C G A T C G T A C G G C

  9. mRNA Makes a Copy of the DNA A A T U T A The thymine is replaced by Uracil when the RNA makes the copy. G C G A A T C C G U T A C C G G G C

  10. Release mRNA to Ribosome A U G P O R E A C U C G

  11. Translation

  12. Peptide Bonds • A peptide bond forms when the carboxyl group of one amino acid bonds to the amino group of the adjacent amino acid. Carboxyl group=the univalent radical COOH, present in and characteristic of organic acids.

  13. Steps of Translation • mRNA bonds to the ribosome • Ribosome reads the codon sequence on the mRNA strand • A specific tRNA attaches in amino acid to the codon sequence

  14. Steps of Translation (cont.) • tRNA repeats process and continues to bond amino acids together using polypeptite bond a chain of amino acid begins to form • Continues until terminator sequence is reached forming polypeptide chain • Release polypeptide chain=protein folds to final conformation (shape)

  15. mRNA Bonds to the Ribosome A U G P O R E A C U C G

  16. Ribosome reads the codon sequence on the mRNA strand

  17. A specific tRNA attaches in amino acid to the codon sequence

  18. tRNA repeats process and continues to bond amino acids together using polypeptite bond a chain of amino acid begins to form

  19. Continues until terminator sequence is reached forming polypeptide chain The strand stops on the terminator sequence which is the code UAA because it has no anticodon.

  20. Release polypeptide chain=protein folds to final conformation (shape)

  21. TERMS: • Cytoplasm: entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bonded by the plasma membrane • Nucleus: chromosome- containing organelle of a eukaryotic • Nuclear envelope: membranes in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

  22. TERMS (cont.) : • Chromosome: a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each one consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. • Nucleolus: specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

  23. TERMS (cont.) : • Ribosomes: a cell organelle constructed in the nucleus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm • Eukaryotic: has a nuclear membrane and contains specialized organelles with genetic material in the chromosomes • Prokaryotic: no nuclear membrane and has no organelles except ribosomes, genetic material is in a single continuous strand

  24. TERMS (cont.) : • Polypeptide chain: a chain of amino acids joined together through peptide bonds • Amino acids: any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group and one carboxyl group, the alpha-amino acids are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed

  25. Bibliography • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff's_rules • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BasePairing.html • http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html • http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/translation/pepb.html • http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carboxyl+group • http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranslation.html

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