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Jacco Kromkamp , Greg Silsbe , Jethro Waanders & Jan Peene

Automated FRRF measurements provide an alternative means to obtain seasonal and annual primary production estimates. Jacco Kromkamp , Greg Silsbe , Jethro Waanders & Jan Peene. Partners in PROTOOL Acknowledgements: EU-FP7-Env program for financing the project. Dave Suggett

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Jacco Kromkamp , Greg Silsbe , Jethro Waanders & Jan Peene

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  1. Automated FRRF measurementsprovideanalternative means toobtainseasonalandannualprimaryproductionestimates Jacco Kromkamp, Greg Silsbe, JethroWaanders & Jan Peene NIOZ is an institute of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)

  2. Partners in PROTOOL Acknowledgements: EU-FP7-Env program for financing the project Dave Suggett Evelyn Lawrenz Denise Smythe-Wright Diane Purcell/Adrian Jacco/Greg/Jethro Jan Peene Stefan Simis PasiYlostalo OndrejPrasil OndrejKomarek Martin Trtilek Michal Sicner Rodney Forster Eliza Capuzzo RüdigerRöttgers RüdigerHeuermann Karin Munderloh 2

  3. Why PROTOOL (PROductivityTOOLs) • Understanding aquatic ecosystems is not possible without knowledge of primary production • Biomass (chla) is no good measure of primary production (due to high –but varying - turnover rates) • Carrying capacity higher trophic levels depend on primary production, not on chla • Currently no simple PP method, hampering development of long term time series of primary production, certainly by water management agencies • Active fluorescence techniques (PAM-FRRF) are optical techniques, so “easy” to automate • FRRF-based approach can standardize measurements

  4. Chl can be measured from space, but turning this into primary production is risky (lack of PI-data, uncertainty ~ 100%) Composite of annual NPP 0 150 300 450 g C/m2/yr http://marine.rugers.edu/opp/Production

  5. Solution: use ships of opportunity and equip it with automated sensors to measure GPP etc? • 1 year of shipping routes

  6. FRRF basics • Fv/Fm = indicator of physiological condition of the algae • Relative (!) ETR = PAR x ΔF/Fm’ Rise in F to Fm gives σPSII Max PSII efficiency Fm Fm’ FV ΔF Effective PSII efficiency Fo (proxy for [chla]

  7. FRRF-basics: the functional and optical cross sections • effective = functional PSII cross section: a aPSII σPSII In dark:

  8. ETR ≠ C-fixation • Linear ETR via PSI to NADPH • Alternative electron sinks : • Mehler reaction (water-water cycle) • NO3 reduction • PSI cyclic transport • PSII cycle • PTOX activity Investigate Φe,C for different water bodies to develop stochastic prediction model 8

  9. Requirements for PROTOOL:1. convert ETR into C-fixation2. integrate ETR of whole water column over time ETR • Can be measured with FRRF • R-module to measure [chl], kd (zP),E • Unknowns at start project: • Φe,C(mol C/mol electrons) =0.25 mol C/e- • nPSII: can now be measured with new Oxborough sigma-algorithm = 0.002 PSII/chla

  10. Algorithms used K&F algorithm NEW: Sigma algorithm Absorption algorithm (volumetric) 2 new algorithms allow, after proper calibration of nPSII (O2-flash yields) measurement of absolute ETR

  11. Poster Oxborough et al: recent advancements in the methods used to analyse Fast Repetition rate Fluorometry (FRRf) data…. Poster Silsbe et al: Highly resolved measures of photosynthetic electron transport in European coastal waters

  12. Sampling stations monitoring program Oosterschelde = Eastern Scheldt Mesotrophic Marine < 2 PSU Secchi:3-5m Westerschelde = Western Scheldt Eutrophic Secchi: 2-0.2m True estuary: 0-30 PSU

  13. Fv/Fm as stress indicator • Low Fv/Fm nutrient limitation (red arrows) and in winter

  14. Eastern Scheldt, station OS1, new algorithm no calibration for Φe,C(0.25) • Some problems with winter values (underestimations), but in general good agreement

  15. All data Eastern Scheldt, Φe,C = 0.25

  16. For the Western Scheldt, Φe,C=0.25

  17. “calibration” of electron requirement for C-fixation based on comparison of daily water column primary production: Eastern Scheldt Seasonality (?) in quantum requirement (QR=1/Φe,C)

  18. Next step: use annual GPP for QR and average QR over all years. Station specific: example OS2 • QR varies between years for some stations • K&F algorithms produced too low QR (<4)

  19. Estimates of annual primary productionEastern Scheldt • Annual GPP >90% accurate for new Oxborough algorithms!! • “old” K&F algorithm less reliable

  20. Quantum requirements Western Scheldt • K&F algorithm no clear seasonality, but sigma and absorption algorithms show seasonality • Lowest QR April-Sept • Minimal QR<4

  21. Western Scheldt: annual GPP as % 14C-GPP • Most estimates 75-125% of measured GPP • Cycle in QR? • Something odd with station WS4

  22. conclusions • Automated application of FRRF and spectral reflectance makes automated primary production measurements possible • FRRF measurements accurately predict seasonal dynamics in GPP • Quantum requirements (QR) for C-fixation seem rather constant (5-7 in main growth season), but higher in winter (related to low Fv/Fm?). • QR are similar for each station, but year to year variation does exist. Reason??? (2006 was odd year in all measurements, also in Westerschelde) • More need to be done to understand variability in QRs • Using autonomous FRRF measurements on SOOPs can significantly improve global GPP estimates • Miniaturize for use on gliders

  23. Thank you for your attentionsuggested reading:

  24. Chlais not a good predictor for primary production • Westerschelde estuary: high SPM, eutrophic • Oosterschelde estuary: low SPM, mesotrophic

  25. Map of chl-a derived through continuous reflectance measurements. The height of the green line is proportional to the chl-a concentration

  26. Project Spectral Reflectance Measurements High spatial resolution (~100 m) characterization of the optical properties and its driving constituents in European Coastal waters.

  27. The fluorometer • Different flow through systems: • direct connection to water inflow • Via storage tank (for dark acclimation or fixed sample)

  28. Automated ETR from flow-through North Atlantic Cruise (England – Iceland) Baltic Sea

  29. Acknowledgments: • EU-FP7 program for financing the project • Jan Peene for assistance with the 14C measurements • Partners in PROTOOL Dave Suggett Evelyn Lawrenz Denise Smythe-Wright JethroWaanders Stefan Simis PasiYlostalo OndrejPrasil OndrejKomarek Martin Trtilek Michal Sicner Rodney Forster Eliza Capuzzo RüdigerRöttgers RüdigerHeuermann Karin Munderloh

  30. PSICAM (point source integrated cavity absorption meter) Data RüdigerRöttgers, HZG

  31. Example: using a priori assumptions (4 electrons/C and nPSII=0.002 units/mg chla Central north arm North Sea • FRRF accurately captures seasonal dynamics and C-fixation estimates are close to measured one, even using a priori assumptions

  32. Western Scheldt, Φe,C=0.25 • Good performance in both marine and freshwater areas

  33. Estuaries worldwide • Linear relationship between PP and biomass macrobenthos Herman et al. 1999; Kemp et al. 2005

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